Иностранный язык
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. You ......be hungry. You’ve just had dinner.
1) aren’t
2) can’t
3) may
4) must
2. The plural of car is cars. Which of these is correct plural?
1) journeis
2) ladys
3) babies
4) sandwichs
3. Is this coat...?
1) yours
2) your
3) the yours
4) yourself
4. Is Diana ...?
1) a friend of you
2) your friend
3) you friend
4) a friend of your
5. You ........ be hungry. You had no lunch.
1) can’t
2) shouldn’t
3) must
4) couldn’t
6. She's ... university teacher.
1) a
2) an
3) the
4) one
7. I like ... small animals.
1) the
2) ....
3) every
4) all
8. Which of these is correct?
1) happier
2) more happier
3) more happy
4) happier
9. Last week we … to Warsaw.
1) go
2) goes
3) went
4) had gone
10. I … the film we saw at the cinema on Wednesday.
1) doesn't like
2) haven't liked
3) didn't like
4) don’t like
11. My mother … never been to a cricket match.
1) hadn't
2) haven't
3) has
4) was
12. Joanna … her new mobile phone.
1) is losing
2) loses
3) has lost
4) losed
13. … ever seen a comet?
1) Did you
2) Have you
3) Do you
4) Does you
14. If I were rich, I … buy a huge house in Somerset.
1) will
2) shall
3) would
4) should
15. They … pass their exam if they studied hard.
1) would
2) will
3) did
4) do
16. This is ... winter for 20 years.
1) the more bad
2) worse
3) the worst
4) worst
17. I have been living in Madrid ......
1) since ten years.
2) ten years ago.
3) for ten years.
4) ten years.
18. This is the … thing I have ever done.
1) harder
2) hardest
3) hard
4) more hard
19. The doctor says I ....... walk again in two weeks’ time.
1) can
2) could
3) will be able to
4) to be able to
20. If I want to pass my exam, I ...... ...... study harder.
1) will have to
2) would have to
3) had to
4) want to
21. Michael is ...... his sister.
1) not so clever than
2) not as clever than
3) not as clever as
4) not so clever as
22. Women ...... vote in England until 1922.
1) can
2) are able to
3) managed to
4) couldn’t
23. You... worry about it.
1) not must
2 don't must
3) must no
4) mustn't
24 It... again. It... all the time here in the winter.
1) 's raining, 's raining
2) rains, rains
3) rains, 's raining
4) 's raining, rains
25. I... she... you.
1) think, likes
2). am thinking, is liking
3) think, is liking
4) am thinking, likes
26. What...?
1) does she want
2) does she wants
3) she wants
4) she want
27...a hole in my sock.
1) There is
2) There are
3) It's
4) Is
28. I went out without... money.
1) some
2) any
3) no
4) every
29. My mother... my birthday.
1) always forgets
2) always is forgetting
3) forgets always
4) always forget
30. ... Gloria last week?
1) Have you seen
2) Did you see
3) Were you seeing
4) Was you see
31 As soon as she came in I knew I... her before.
1) have seen
2) saw
3) had seen
4) see
32. This picture... by a friend of my mother's.
1) is painting
2) is painted
3) was painting
4) was painted
33. Speak up! I ...... hear you!
1) can
2) could
3) can’t
4) couldn’t
34. The neighbors were having a row, and I ........ hear every word they said.
1) can
2) could
3) managed to
4) couldn’t
35. ... he gets .......
1) The richer / the more friends he has
2) Richer / more he has friends
3) Riche / more friends he has
4) The richer / the more he has friends
36. That... be Roger at the door - it's too early.
1) can't
2) mustn't
3) couldn't
4) couldn’t
37. I wonder if John ... this evening.
1) will phone
2) phone
3) phones
4) phoned
38. I phoned yesterday, but I ....... get an answer. Where were you?
1) can
2) could
3) managed to
4) couldn’t
39. On her birthday ....
1) she was given a new саг
2) a new car was given her
3) she gives a new саг
4) she gave a new саг
40 We can't use the sports hall yet because it....
1) is still built
2) is still building
3) is still being built
4) still is being built
41. We …. for a walk when it ……raining.
1) will go, will stop
2) are going, will stop
3) will go, stops
4) go, stops
42. I hope Kate is coming soon. I …. for two hours.
1) am waiting
2) had been waiting
3) have been waiting
4) waited
43. At 10 o'clock in the morning on Wednesday Tom…. a delegation in the office.
1) will receive
2) will be receiving
3) is receiving
4) would receive
44. If you are free, watch the film they .... on TV.
1) shows
2) showed
3) are showing
4) had showed
45. If you ...... tickets we ...... Paris.
1) will buy / shall visit
2) bought / visit
3) buys / visited
4) buy / shall visit
46. What ...... you ....... if the train .... in time?
1) will be / doing / come
2) did / will not come
3) do / didn’t / come
4) have / done / came
5) will / do / doesn’t come
47. Let's ......... there tomorrow if it's fine.
1) going
2) gone
3) go
4) goes
48. Catherine is studying law at the university, and so…. Nick.
1) is
2) does
3) was
4) do
49. At 12 o'clock in the morning on Monday Ann… a delegation in the office.
1) will be receiving
2) is receiving
3) would receive
4) will receive
50. We are late. The film ….by the time we get to the cinema.
1) will be already started
2) will already have started
3) will already start
4) has started
51. I'll finish now and I look forward to ......... you again soon.
1) seeing
2) see
3) seen
4) having seen
52. Please come back soon and ......... the work you started two weeks ago.
1) finished
2) finishing
3) finish
4) finishes
53. ....... me if I've told you this before.
1) Stopping
2) Stopped
3) Stops
4) Stop
54. If I were you, …
1) I wouldn’t drink so much coffee.
2) I would have drink so much coffee.
3) I didn’t drink so much coffee.
4) I would like to drink so many coffee.
e) I hadn’t got any coffee at home.
55. Найдите антоним прилагательному «pleasant»:
1) unpleasant
2) impleasant
3) displeasant
4) mispleasant
56. She has been playing tennis…an hour.
1) in
2) at
3) for
4) during
57. Would you like....... piece of cake?
1) other
2) another
3) more
4) others
58. This large Bengal tiger ........ only in India and Pakistan.
1) living
2) lives
3) live
4) has lived
59. The news I have received ....... good.
1) is
2) are
3) be
4) was
60. Which do you like ....... tea or coffee?
1) good
2) better
3) best
4) bad
61....... Volga is the longest river in Europe.
1) ---
2) The
3) A
4) An
62. If I ...... my entrance exams I ....... the happiest man in the world.
1) shall pass / would be
2) passed / am
3) passed / would have been
4) will pass / be
5) pass / shall be
63. Выберите вариант ответа, в котором употребляются только неопределенные артикли.
1) The Nile is … longest river in the world. The Amazon is … not so long, but it is very …deep.
2) She had … bad day today. There were … problems at … work.
3) …bedroom is … large room with two windows. Windows are … very large.
4) Yesterday I received … letter from my friend. He said he lived in … big house.
64. You've made .... mistakes in your dictation.
1) too many
2) so much
3) very little
4) a lot
65. He decided to save some money and put ......in the bank.
1) it
2) their
3) them
4) its
66. I don’t like parties .......finish late.
1) who
2) what
3) which
4) so that
67. Have you ever been .... Scotland?
1) in
2) at
3) to
4) into
68. I hate....
1) a rainy weather
2) rainy weather
3) the rainy weather
4) rainy weathers
69. Don’t be angry ...... me, please.
1) at
2) about
3) with
4) for
70. ......a post-office near here?
1) Is
2) Is there
3) Where there
4) There is
71. The police ......the criminal yet.
1) have caught
2) didn’t catch
3) hasn't caught
4) haven’t caught
72. Shall I make the final choice right now? – No, you ......
1) mustn't
2) can’t
3) needn’t
4) couldn’t
73. He said that he ...... to Egypt.
1) never had been
2) never was
3) has ever been
4) had never been
74. Before we parted Wi1son asked me .......I wou1d like to go and see his house one day.
1) that
2) which
3) about
4) if
75. Jim’s ......sister wants to become an economist.
1) elder
2) older
3) old
4) the oldest
76. He pays ...... ........ attention to what I say that it makes me angry.
1) such many
2) so little
3) so few
4) such much
77. This car is........ I can’t afford it.
1) cheap
2) expensive
3) bad
4) good
78. Выберите вариант ответа, в котором употребляются только определенные артикли.
1) Let's go to .... shop. I want to buy … bread and …. milk.
2) …. sun is shining brightly in …. sky. What …. good weather!
3) My brother is …. best pupil in his class. Now he is reading something in …. corner of …. room.
4) John had…. very interesting conversation with his …. old friend. They talked almost all …night.
79. .... breakfast on the train was awful.
1) a
2) an
3) the
d) ---
80. What .... colour is his .... shirt?
11) a; the
2) ...; ...
3) the; a
4) a; ...
81. He could open the lock .......
1) easy
2) easily
3) most easy
4) easieast
82. The waiter had to change the plates several times, ......?
1) had he
2) hadn’t he
3) did he
4) didn’t he
83. My mother always gives me .......
1) good advices
2) the good advice
3) a good advice
4) good advice
84. The party ended .......midnight.
1) until
2) at
3) on
4) in
85. 85. There is ... small chair in .... corner of our room.
1) the; a
2) the; …
3) a; the
4) ...; the
86. Jane is a friend of.........
1) ours
2) our
3) us
4) we
87. As soon as she came in I knew I..... her before.
1) have seen
2) saw
3) had seen
4) see
88. “......we go out for dinner?” - “Certainly!”
1) Would
2) Must
3) Shall
4) Need
89. We are going to the beach ......the weekend.
1) in
2) on
3) at
4) by
90. When .......in London?
1) have you arrived
2) did you arrive
3) you have arrived
4) you arrived
91. I am a bit forgetful, ......?
1) am I not
2) am I
3) aren’t I
4) isn’t it
92. I have ... pen, but I have no .... pencils.
1) the; a
2) a; a
3) ...; a
4) a; …
93. Let’s go to the disco, .......we?
1) don’t we
2) let us
3) won’t we
4) shall we
94. “.......did you go last night?” “To my friend’s place”.
1) What
2) Which
3) When
4) Where
95. You’ve never heard this song, .......?
1) isn't it
2) haven't you
3) have you
4) is it
96. Jam ......from fruit.
1) makes
2) made
3) is made
4) is making
97. В каком случае артикль употребляется?
1) Is your father at … home?
2) She works at …. school
3) You have some _ pencils.
4) There is a large fountain in …. middle of the city.
98. I expect we .......there in half an hour.
1) are being
2) will be
3) are
4) will have been
99. It was....... place I had ever seen.
1) more beautiful
2) most beautiful
3) the most beautiful
4) the beautiful
100. “.......IPod is this?” - “It’s Mark’s”.
1) Who
2) Whose
3) Who’s
4) Which
101. Peter is a bad driver. He drives ........
1) careless
2) carefu1
3) carefully
4) carelessly
102. В каком случае артикль не употребляется?
1) …. sun is shining in the sky.
2) I saw …. beautiful landscapes in that part of the country.
3) Give me …. flower, please.
4) Where is …. picture?
103. В каком предложении необходимо вставить неопределенный артикль?
1) There are two …. cups on the table.
2) My …. sister has blue eyes.
3) I live in …. large city.
4) It is …. seventh of December.
104. В каком предложении необходимо вставить определенный артикль?
1) What is …. weather like today?
2) We have …. large family.
3) What …. good day!
4) My aunt is …. teacher.
105. He phoned to say he ......his bag on the plane.
1) forgot
2) has left
3) had left
4) has forgotten
106.I have never seen such .......men.
1) higher
2) high
3) tall
4) the tallest
107. My brother .......Ann Graves since childhood.
1) is loving
2) was loving
3) has been loving
4) has loved
108. He ......the farm since 1947.
1) have been owing
2) own
3) Owned
4) has owned
109. How … do you earn? W… is your salary?
1) many/which
2) much/what
3) much/why
4) many/whose
110. They arrived ......the airport on time.
1) by
2) in
3) to
4) at
111. A ......wind is blowing.
1) stronger
2) strong
3) strongest
4) small
112. The plane landed safely ......the two mountains.
1) among
2) on
3) between
4) in
113. The information is top secret, naturally, everybody is interested in ........
1) them
2) they
3) it
4) their
114. I ...... at the university for over eight years now.
1) have been working
2) am working
3) worked
4) was working
115. ........I went or flew with my parents I always took my favorite books with me.
1) Weather
2) Whatever
3) Whether
4) Wherever
116. The books .......for me or .......as presents.
1) often bought/just gave
2) was often bought/was just given
3) were often bought/were just given
4) often bought/gave just
117. The driver was accused of ……the road accident by the police that morning.
1) provoke
2) provoking
3) provoked
4) to provoke
118. Didn’t you see the show .......Sunday?
1) at
2) on
3) in
4) for
119. He has been unemployed ........he left the college.
1) for
2) before
3) since
4) during
120. .......there any news in your parents’ letter?
1) are
2) were
3) have
4) is
121. ... was very kind to me. They did ... they could to help me.
1) anybody / anything
2) everybody / everything
3) anybody / everything
4) everybody / nothing
122. I haven't read ... of these books but Jim has read ...... of them.
1) any / some
2) no / some
3) none / any
4) some / any
123. It is ........magical tourist destination full of green lakes and beautiful snow-capped mountains.
1) ----
2) the
3) a
4) an
124. Translate this sentence: Возможно кто-нибудь видел аварию.
1) Perhaps someone sees the accident.
2) Perhaps anyone saw the accident.
3) Perhaps nobody sees the accident.
4) Perhaps someone saw the accident.
125. I don't mind where you sit. You can sit ...... you want.
1) anywhere
2) anything
3) somewhere
4) nowhere
126. He doesn't recommend ___ in fast food restaurants.
1) to eat
2) to be eating
3) eating
4) to eating
127. The accident looked serious but fortunately ...... was injured.
1) anybody
2) anything
3) nobody
4) everything
128. Tom Sawyer .......by Mark Twain.
1) has written
2) was wrote
3) was written
4) is being written
129. I am hungry. Let's eat .........
1) some
2) any
3) anything
4) something
130. Have you seen Mary’s boyfriend.......?
1) yet
2) still
3) just
4) else
131. I wonder what our children....... when we come back.
1) do
2) will do
3) are doing
4) will be doing
132. I was very much surprised when Ann said that she.......
1) Can’t to swim
2) Can’t swim
3) couldn’t swim
4) wasn’t able swim
133. He has never been to...... foreign countries.
1) some
2) any
3) no
4) anywhere
134. I am younger than you, .......?
1) am I?
2) am not I?
3) aren't I?
4) are I?
135. Does ...... mind if I smoke?
1) anybody
2) somebody
3) nobody
4) any
136. She means ........ a new car soon.
1) buying
2) buy
3) to buy
4) having bought
137. I want ......me.
1) you to help
2) that you help
3) that you’ll help
4) you helping
138. .........Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.
1) A
2) The
3) An
4) ---
139. Tom said he would come back .......I finished.
1) before
2) while
3) until
4) till
140.We can’t agree ........you on the problem.
1) to
2) with
3) without
4) on
141. By 8 o’clock I .......at this article for 2 hours.
1) will have been working
2) will work
3)will be working
4) was working
142. I don't want to read .... books. I hate reading.
1) some
2) any
3) no
4) none
143. Metallic paints are used to paint bridges, .........
1) isn't it?
2) isn't that so?
3) no?
4) aren’t they?
144. You’ve never heard this song, …….?
1) isn't it
2) haven't you
3) have you
4) is it
145. He is very experienced because he has been working here .......six years.
1) since
2) for
2) during
3) by
146. Vera is in hospital. I’m going to visit ........tomorrow.
1) hers
2) she
3) her
4) it
147. “Which shoes do you like?” “The black ........”.
1) one
2) ones
3) those
4) these
148. When we arrived in Sochi, it was very hot and the sun.......
1) was shining
2) shone
3) shined
4) shining
149. His parents will be very glad, if she ______the university.
1) has entered
2) enters
3) enter
4) 'll enter
150. He said that he ........to England yet.
1) hadn’t been
2) didn’t be
3) wasn’t
4) wasn’t been
151. The person charged with a criminal offence.
1) Judge
2) Plaintiff
3) Accused
4) Barrister
152. Law which applies to hearings before quasi-judicial or administrative tribunals.
1) Constitutional law
2) Civil law
3) Private law
4) Administrative law
153. Challenge to a court decision in a higher court.
1) Appeal
2) Judgment
3) Petition
4) Lawsuit
154. The person asking a court to do something
1) Offender
2) Applicant.
3) Injured
4) Juror
155. A person appointed to act for another person.
1) Judge
2) Applicant.
3) Juror
4) Attorney
156. A member of one branch of the legal profession who advises clients, generally works in the courts, and who receives instructions from a solicitor.
1) Attorney
2) Advocate
3) Judge
4) Barrister
157. Demanding payment from a person in return for not revealing something shameful about them.
1) Racketeering
2) Bribetaking
3) Blackmail
4) Granting
158. The name for the rules used for governing a Christian church.
1) Bible
2) Code
3) Canon law
4) Common law
159. Punishing someone for a crime by killing them.
1) Penalty
2) Capital punishment
3) Imprisonment
4) Murder
160. Entering a building without permission with the intention of stealing or doing damage.
1) Visit
2) Duty call
3) Burglary
4) Espionage
161. Law that is based on the results of previous court cases.
1) Private law
2) Case law
3) Administrative law
4) Criminal law
162. A court which does not hear criminal cases.
1) Civil court
2) Supreme court
3) Magistrate court
4) Criminal court
163. Judge made law which has developed over centuries, also referred to as “unwritten law”.
1) Public law
2) Civil law
3) Common law
4) Case law
164. Apply for a right; demand a remedy; or an application for something such as a right
1) Appeal
2) Judgment
3) Claim
4) Petition
165. A court which hears appeals against the decisions of other courts.
1) County court
2) Court of Appeal
3) Coroners’ court
4) Supreme court
166. Act or omission forbidden by criminal law.
1) Tort
2) Crime
3) Illegal parking
4) Privacy breach
167. A court which hears appeals against the decisions of other courts.
1) Magistrates Court
2) Court of Appeal
3) Crown Court
4) Supreme Court
168. A person whose job is to adjudicate in court cases
1) Judge
2) Barrister
3) Solicitor
4) Coroner
169. The territory in which a court can operate
1) Area
2) Jurisdiction
3) Region
4) Bar
170. Verdict pronounced by a court of law.
1) Message
2) Judgment
3) Proposal
4) Appeal
171. To take someone away by force against their will.
1) Theft
2) Burglary
3) Kidnap
4) Murder
172. Law dealing with commerce.
1) Civil law
2) Mercantile law
3) Canon law
4) Property law
173. Domestic law which regulates the relationships between individuals and in which the State is not directly concerned.
1) Administrative law
2) Private law
3) Constitutional law
4) International law
174. A lawyer who can deal with any legal matter and give advice.
1) Judge
2) Solicitor
3) Juror
4) Coroner
175. An examination of the evidence in a case and the law which applies.
1) Probe
2) Trial
3) Questioning
4) Quiz
176. An authority to do something.
1) Permission
2) Order
3) Licence
4) Patent
177. A sum of money which has to be paid if the terms of a contract are broken or a punishment given to someone who commits a crime.
1) Salary
2) Penalty
3) Royalty
4) Bonus
178. Final court of appeal in Ireland, headed by the Chief Justice.
1) International Court of Justice
2) Supreme Court
3) Court of Appeals
4) European Court of Human Rights
179. An agreement between two or more people to do or not to do something
1) Contract
2) Treaty
3) Bargain
4) Transaction
180. A group of people, usually 12, who review all the evidence in a court case and then come to a verdict.
1) Team
2) Jury
3) Juror
4) bench
181. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. 16 June. 2011
2. I am writing to confirm the arrangements for Dr Robinson's visit to your factory next month. She will be arriving at Changi Airport on next month. She will be arriving at Changi Airport on flight BA 873 at 15.00 on 8 July. I would be grateful if you could arrange for a car to meet her at the airport and take her to the Raffles Hotel where she will be staying for the first part of
her trip.
3. Pausing International
100 Industrial Rd
Singapore 1953
4. Tom Curtis
5. Dear Mr. Hunt,
6. Merson Electronics
Cavendish House Worple Way
Bristol BS1 7QX
7. Sincerely yours.
1) 1 3 6 4 5 2 6 7
2) 4 7 2 5 6 1 3
3) 3 1 6 5 2 7 4
4) 6 1 3 5 2 7 4
182. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. I saw your advertisement for a Business Journalist in today’s Guardian newspaper. I am very interested in the job and I think I have many of the necessary skills….
I enclose a copy of my curriculum vitae. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Please let me know if you need more information.
2. Yours sincerely,
3. Vladimir Gross5 Nelson Street, Apt. 5
Chicago 19 200
USA
4. Monday 15, December
5. 17 Hillside Road, Apt. 12
London W13HR England Tel 0186 546 633
Fax 0186 56 556
6. Nancy Mann
1) 2 3 4 6 1 5
2) 3 4 5 1 2 6
3) 6 5 4 3 2 1
4) 5 4 3 1 2 6
183. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Mr Aleksandr Klimov
Marketing Director Alfa PLC
16 Sadovaya St Moscow
123456Russia
2. Yours sincerely К
3. 21 March, 2018
4. Dear Mr. / Mrs. / Miss
With reference to your advertisement in Publisher Journal
Please acknowledge receipt
Looking forward to hearing from you soon
5. Mrs. Barbara Stain
Chief manager Terra Inc.
25 Downing St London SW1A 2AB
United Kingdom
1) 5 3 1 4 2
2) 1 3 5 4 2
3) 1 2 4 3 6 5
4) 3 4 2 1 5 6
184. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. John Stewart
2. Lemann & Sons3597 43rd Street
New York, NY 12008
3. Sales Manager
4. Dear Sirs,
With reference to your advertisement in Business Weekly Journal could you please send me more detailed description of your monitors. I would also to know about discounts that you provide.
5. Yours faithfully,
6. John Stewart1304 Sherman Ave.
Madison, Wisconsin
7. May 24, 2015
1) 1 3 2 6 7 4 5
2) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3) 6 7 2 4 5 1 3
4) 2 7 6 4 5 1 3
185. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Dear Mr. Stewart
Thank you for sending us your resume. We are sorry to inform you that your candidature
does not suit us.
2. John Stewart1304 Sherman Ave.
Madison, Wisconsin
3. Kind regards,
4. 24 September, 2015
5. Mr. Robert Brown General Manager KLM Co Ltd
32 Wood Lane London
Great Britain WC37TР
6. General Manager
7. Robert Brown
1) 5 4 2 1 3 7 6
2) 4 2 5 1 3 7 6
3) 2 4 5 1 3 7 6
4) 4 5 2 3 7 6
186. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Artem Kosarev
14 Green St
Birmingham B48 7JN
United Kingdom
2. My name is Artem and I am writing in response to your advertisement for a computer
operator in today’s Independent newspaper.
I have an experience of work as a computer operator for Trust General Company and appropriate education. I would like to apply for this job because I decided to move to London. I am a reliable person and would be a good worker for you. I am ready to come to an interview at any time.
Thank you for your attention.
3. Artem Kosarev
4. Dear Sirs,
5. Frost logistic ltd
23 Groove St
London WZ2 EA4
United Kingdom
6. 29 Oct. 2017
7. Enc. Resume
8. Yours faithfully,
1) 5 6 1 4 2 8 3 7
2) 6 1 5 4 2 8 3 7
3) 4 5 3 7 1 2 6 8
4) 1 6 5 4 2 8 3 7
187. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Yours sincerely,
2. Monday 15, December
3. Vladimir Gross5 Nelson Street,
Apt. 5Chicago 19 200
USA
4. Dear Mr. Gross,
I saw your advertisement for a Business Journalist in today’s Guardian newspaper. I am very interested in the job and I think I have many of the necessary skills.
I studied politics and modern languages at Oxford University. I am master in French, German and Spanish. I had academic trips widely in Europe and South America, and at the same time I worked as a business journalist for the BBC Company during the last five years.
I enclose a copy of my curriculum vitae. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Please let me know if you need more information.
5. Nancy Mann
6. 17 Hillside Road, Apt. 12London W13HREnglandTel 0186 546 633
Fax 0186 56 556
1) 2 6 3 4 1 5
2) 6 2 3 4 1 5
3) 3 2 6 4 1 5
4) 4 5 2 3 1 6
188. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. John Stewart
Sales Manager
2. Dear Sirs,
3. Yours faithfully,
4. John Stewart
1304 Sherman Ave Madison,
Wisconsin
5. With reference to your advertisement in Business Weekly Journal could you please send me more detailed description of your monitors. I would also like to know about discounts that you provide.
6. Lemann & Sons
3597 43rd Street
New York, NY 12008
7. May 24, 2021
1) 6 7 4 2 5 3 1
2) 4 7 6 2 5 3 1
3) 7 4 6 2 5 3 1
4) 7 6 4 2 5 3 1
189. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. John Stewart
1304 Sherman Ave
Madison, Wisconsin
2. We are sorry to inform you that your candidature does not suit us.
3. 24 September, 2015
4. Mr Robert Brown
General Manager
KLM Co Ltd
32 Wood Lane
London
Great Britain WC37TР
5. Dear Mr Stewart
6. Kind regards,
7. General Manager
8. Robert Brown
1) 1 3 4 5 2 6 8 7
2) 3 4 1 5 2 6 8 7
3) 3 1 4 5 2 6 8 7
4) 4 3 1 5 2 6 8 7
190. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Robert Baker
Forum Secretary
Tel. 777-XXX-777
r.ba...er@ecolines.com
2. 16 April 2016
3. Information about 2016 GREEN CONFERENCE, 12/15 MAY 2016
Thank you for sending us your prior consent and now I have pleasure in inviting you to arrive to London to attend our international environmental forum to be held at Dorsey Hotel,
London on Monday/Wednesday 12/15 May 2016.
It will be my pleasure to meet you at our forum with so distinguished cohort of members.
4. Yours sincerely
5. Mrs. Patricia Wilber
General Manager
RSPSR Co Ltd
15 Coconut Road
Manchester
the UK WFY2 3JР
6. Dear Patricia,
7. Robert Baker
Eco Lines, Ltd
Hill Street
Madison, Wisconsin 53700
1) 5 2 7 6 3 4 1
2) 7 5 2 6 3 4 1
3) 7 2 5 6 3 4 1
4) 2 7 5 6 3 4 1
191. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Dear Sirs,
We would like to thank you for your letter dated the 9th of July. We are very gratified to learn from your letter that you are interested in our new model of Microprocessors….
Thank you for responding to our offer. If you would like further information, do not hesitate to contact me on: 738-3493-2942.
2. Enc. 1 Price List, 1 Catalogue.
3. Smith &Brothers Company
23 Red St
London WZ2 EA4
United Kingdom
4. Sales Manager MKAN ltd
5. 12 July, 2018
6. Peter Williams
7. Sales Manager
MKAN ltd
18 Park St
Birmingham B48 7JN
United Kingdom
1) 7 5 3 1 6 4 2
2) 3 5 7 1 6 4 2
3) 5 7 3 1 6 4 2
4) 7 3 5 1 6 4 2
192. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. ParkInn Hotel
7834 17th Street
Tampa, Florida
2. June 28, 2016
3. I am looking forward to your reply,
4. Mr Ken Smith
9034 Commerce Street
Detroit, Michigan
USA, 90345
5. I'd like to book a single room in your hotel from August 1 till August 10. Could you please tell me the price per night including breakfast and dinner if possible? Do you have airport transfer and car rent service?
6. Mr Ken Smith
8. Dear Sir or Madam
1) 1 2 4 8 5 3 6
2) 1 4 2 8 5 3 6
3) 4 2 1 8 5 3 6
4) 1 2 4 8 5 3 6
193. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Dear Mr Smith
Thank you for your enquiry about the staying in our hotel. We have a single room available at the period you stated. The price is $85 per night. Breakfast and other meals are not included as we do not have such service. But there is a buffet in our hotel where you can have meals at any time of the day and night. We have airport transfer service, it's free for our guests, as well as Wi-Fi. It is also possible to rent a car in our hotel in advance together with reserving a room. If you have any more questions we are ready to answer.
2. Mr Ken Smith
9034 Commerce Street
Detroit, Michigan
USA, 90345
3. Sales Manager
4. June 30, 2016
5. Ms Jennifer Watson
Sales Manager
ParkInn Hotel
7834 17th Street
Tampa, Florida
6. Jennifer Watson
7. Yours sincerely,
1) 2 5 4 1 7 6 3
2) 5 4 2 1 7 6 3
3) 2 4 5 1 7 6 3
4) 4 5 2 1 7 6 3
194. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Dear Mr Stanley,
2. With respect,
3. Mr John Lewis
General Manager
Hoverny Ltd
4567 Snake street
Oakland, California
4. October, 02 will be a remarkable day of your 10th anniversary as a member of Hoverny Ltd. During these years of work, you proved to be a loyal and qualified worker with great potential. We recognize the contribution you make in our company success and wish to congratulate you upon your 10th anniversary.
5. John Lewis,
6. Howard Stanley
9034 Canyon Street
San Francisco, California
USA, 90345
7. October 01, 2015
8. General Manager
1) 6 7 3 1 4 2 5 8
2) 7 3 6 1 4 2 5 8
3) 7 6 3 1 4 2 5 8
4) 3 7 6 1 4 2 5 8
195. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Jane Tumin,
2. HR Manager
3. Mrs Lean
9034 Cody Street
Denver, Colorado
USA, 90345
4. February 15, 2016
5. With respect,
6. With reference to our telephone conversation yesterday I am glad to tell you that we offer you the position of Senior Lawyer in our company. You will be provided with company car according to the corporate policy and full medical insurance. Your salary will be $100 000 per year according to your request. You may learn about job conditions in job offer attached to this letter.
7. Dear Mrs Lean
8. Mrs Jane Tumin
HR Manager
Sommertim
7834 Irving Street
Denver, Colorado
1) 8 3 4 7 6 5 1 2
2) 3 4 8 7 6 5 1 2
3) 8 4 3 7 6 5 1 2
4) 4 8 3 7 6 5 1 2
196. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. With reference to your vacancy for Office Manager I am sending you my CV attached to this letter. I have an experience of working as a secretary for 2 years in a small company where I had no career prospects. I am the Bachelor of Business Administration and so I think my education would allow me to make a significant contribution to your company. I would be very grateful if you consider my application.
2. Kira Stan
7834 East street
Chicago, Illinois
3. Kira Stan
4. Trend &Fashion
9034 Groom Street
Chicago, Illinois
USA, 90345
5. July 12, 2017
6. With respect,
7. Dear Sirs
1) 2 5 4 7 1 6 3
2) 5 2 4 7 1 6 3
3) 4 5 2 7 1 6 3
4) 2 4 5 7 1 6 3
197. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Mr Dean Hipp
General Director
Roses For You
4567 Camino Street
San Diego, CA
2. Mrs. Olga Linnet
Perfect Wedding
9034 South Street
San Diego, CA
USA, 90345
3. March 10, 2016
4. Mr. Dean Hipp
5. General Director
6. Your wedding agency is becoming more and more popular in our city. I would like to help you make it more attractive to the customers. I am the owner of rose gardens, we grow fine roses all the year round. Roses would become a very good decoration for all wedding ceremonies. The prices are reasonable and include the designer service. More information you may find in the brochure attached.
7. Dear Mrs. Linnet
8. Yours sincerely,
1) 1 2 3 7 6 8 4 5
2) 2 3 1 7 6 8 4 5
3) 1 3 2 7 6 8 4 5
4) 3 2 1 7 6 8 4 5
198. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Yours faithfully,
2. Mr. Jack Lupin
7834 17th Street
Detroit, Michigan
3. Dear Sirs
4. Mr Dereck Smith
General Manager
Electronics Ltd
9034 Commerce Street
Detroit, Michigan
USA, 90345
5. I am writing to inform you that yesterday I got my new TV set which was delivered by your delivery service. The package was undamaged so I signed all documents and paid the rest of the sum. But when I unpacked it I found several scratches on the front panel. I would like you to replace the item or give me back my money. Please let me know your decision within 2 days.
6. April 25, 2017
7. Jack Lupin,
1) 2 6 4 3 5 1 7
2) 6 4 2 3 5 1 7
3) 6 2 4 3 5 1 7
4) 4 6 2 3 5 1 7
199. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Dear Mr Lupin,
2. Mr Jack Lupin
7834 17th Street
Detroit, Michigan
3. Yours sincerely,
4. It was distressing to learn that the TV set that we delivered to you on April 24 was scratched. We do not have any idea how it may have happened that is why we are very sorry that this unfortunate incident occurred and ready to exchange your scratched TV for another one.
5. April 28, 2017
6. General Manager
7. Mr Dereck Smith
General Manager
Electronics Ltd
9034 Commerce Street
Detroit, Michigan
USA, 90345
8. Mr Derek Smith
1) 2 5 7 1 4 3 8 6
2) 7 5 2 1 4 3 8 6
3) 7 2 5 1 4 3 8 6
4) 2 7 5 1 4 3 8 6
200. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Tom Atkinson Company Inc.
14 Edith Street
Hackney West,
HP214677
2. June 8, 2020
3. HW Electricity Ltd.
217 Northon Av.
Hackney West,
HP214659
+1598625554688
08/06/2020
4. Very truly yours,
5. Our records indicate that payment on your account is overdue in the amount of 17$. If the amount has already been paid, please disregard this notice. If you have not yet mailed your payment, please make out your check and place it in the enclosed envelope while this reminder has your full attention. Thank you in advance for your anticipated cooperation in this matter.
6. Tony Montana
7. Dear Sir,
1) 1 2 3 7 5 4 6
2) 3 1 2 7 5 4 6
3) 2 3 1 7 5 4 6
4) 3 2 1 7 5 4 6
201. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Dear Student:
2. Sincerely,
3. Business Ed. Teacher
4. June 6, 2018
5. Students of The Future Co.
610 Fountain Ave
Burlington, NJ 08016
6. Use this sample letter as a template to help you complete your activities throughout this course. I have purposely set up the spacing and content to make it easier for you to delete existing text and replace it with the content that you need to use. Please be sure to use all the tools provided to you, so that you are more efficient with your work.
Be sure to copy down the text boxes I have provided, they may be helpful when you need to compose different types of business letters. Be sure to save this document as: Letter Template.
7. Mr. Rogers
8. Burlington Township Student
Street Address
City, State Zip
1) 5 8 4 1 6 2 7 3
2) 8 4 5 1 6 2 7 3
3) 5 4 8 1 6 2 7 3
4) 8 5 4 1 6 2 7 3
202. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Mr. Thomas Ellington
2. Dear Mrs. Fletcher,
3. Mrs. Scarlett Flatcher
Perfect Wedding
9034 Silver Street
Sacramento, CA
USA, 90345
4. General Director
5. Mr. Thomas Ellington
General Director
Roses For You
4567 Camarro Street
Sacramento, CA
6. February 26, 2020
7. Your wedding agency is becoming more and more popular in our city. I would like to help you make it more attractive to the customers. I am the owner of rose gardens, we grow fine roses all the year round.
Roses would become a very good decoration for all wedding ceremonies. The prices are reasonable and include the designer service. More information you may find in the brochure attached.
8. Yours sincerely,
1) 5 3 6 2 7 8 1 4
2) 5 6 3 2 7 8 1 4
3) 6 5 3 2 7 8 1 4
4) 6 3 5 2 7 8 1 4
203. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. 17 Hillside Road, Apt. 12
London W13HR
England
Tel 0186 546633
Fax 0186 56556
2. I saw your advertisement for a Business Journalist in today’s Guardian newspaper. I am very interested in the job and I think I have many of the necessary skills.
I studied politics and mod-ern languages at Oxford Univer-sity. I am master in French, German and Spanish. I had academic trips widely in Europe and South America, and at the same time I worked as a business journalist for the BBC Company during the last five years. I enclose a copy of my curriculum vitae. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Please let me know if you need more information.
3. Monday 15, December
4. Vladimir Gross
Nelson Street, Apt. 5
Chicago 19200
USA
5. Dear Mr. Gross,
6. Yours sincerely,
7. Nancy Mann
1) 4 3 1 5 2 6 7
2) 1 4 3 5 2 6 7
3) 1 3 4 5 2 6 7
4) 3 1 4 5 2 6 7
204. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. English Learners & Company
2. September 12, 2000
3. Kenneth Beare
2520 Visita Avenue
Olympia, WA 98501
4. Jhon Kefline
5. With reference to your advertisement in yesterday’s «New York Times», could you please send me a copy of your latest catalogue. I would also like to know if it is possible to make purchases online.
6. Jackson Brothers
3487 23rd Street
New York, NY 12009
7. Yours faithfully,
8. Administrative Director
1) 3 6 2 5 7 4 8 1
2) 3 2 6 5 7 4 8 1
3) 6 2 3 5 7 4 8 1
4) 2 3 6 5 7 4 8 1
205. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. We are pleased to enclose our latest brochure. We would also like to inform you that it is possible to make purchases online at http://www.kefline.com.
2. September 12, 2000
3. We look forward to welcoming you as our customer
4. Jackson Brothers
3487 23rd Street
New York, NY 12009
5. Yours sincerely,
6. Kenneth Beare
Administrative Director
English Learners & Company
2520 Visita Avenue
Olympia, WA 98501
1) 6 2 41 3 5
2) 4 6 2 1 3 5
3) 2 4 6 1 3 5
4) 4 2 6 1 3 5
206. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Novotel London Greenwich
173-185 Greenwich High Road
London SE10 8JA
United Kingdom
2. Yours faithfully
3. I would like to be placed on your mailing list to receive all of your catalogs for the upcoming year. I would also like to receive any special offers or sales notices as well. Please send the catalogs and other material to the address in this letter.
11Village Road
New Mills
Cirencester
Glos GL7 1DG
United Kingdom
4. 11 Village Road
New Mills
Cirencester
Glos GL7 1DG
United Kingdom
5. Dear Customer Service
6. Morgan Freed
7. September, 15, 2020
1) 4 7 1 5 3 2 6
2) 7 4 1 5 3 2 6
3) 1 7 4 5 3 2 6
4) 4 1 7 5 3 2 6
207. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. September, 15, 2010
2. Dear Mr. Flintstone:
3. Fred Flintstone
Sales Manager
Cheese Specialists Ltd.
Rynek 16
66-400 Gorzów Wlkp.
4. With reference to our telephone conversation today, I am writing to confirm your order
for: 10,000 x Cheddar Cheese Deluxe Slices (Ref. No. 856).
Please contact us again if we can help in any way.
5. Yours sincerely,
6. Roman's Cheese House
Podlaski 34
61-622 Poznan
Tel: (061) 456 8967
Fax: (061) 456 6745
Email: roman@wp.pl
7. Director of Roman's Cheese House
8. Roman Ostrowski
1) 3 1 6 2 4 5 8 7
2) 6 1 3 2 4 5 8 7
3) 6 3 1 2 4 5 8 7
4) 1 6 3 2 4 5 8 7
208. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Business Ed. Teacher
2. Burlington Township Student
Street Address
City, State Zip
3. Use this sample letter as a template to help you complete your activities throughout this course. I have purposely set up the spacing and content to make it easier for you to delete existing text and replace it with the content that you need to use. Please be sure to use all the tools provided to you, so that you are more efficient with your work.
Be sure to copy down the text boxes I have provided they may be helpful when you need to compose different types of business letters. Be sure to save this document as: Letter Template.
4. Students of The Future Co.
610 Fountain Ave
Burlington, NJ 08016
5. June 6, 2018
1) 4 2 5 3 1
2) 2 4 5 3 1
3) 2 5 4 3 1
4) 4 5 2 3 1
209. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Thank you for sending us your resume.
We are sorry to inform you that your candidature does not suit us.
2. John Stewart
1304 Sherman Ave.
Madison, Wisconsin
3. Dear Mr. Stewart
4. Mr. Robert Brown
General Manager
KLM Co Ltd
32 Wood Lane
London
Great Britain WC37TР
5. 24 September, 2015
6. General Manager
7. Kind regards,
8. Robert Brown
1) 2 5 4 3 1 7 8 6
2) 5 4 2 3 1 7 8 6
3) 4 5 2 3 1 7 8 6
4) 4 2 5 3 7 1 8 6
210. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.
1. Mr. Aleksandr Klimov
Marketing Director Alfa PLC
16 Sadovaya St. Moscow
123456 Russia
2. Dear Mr. / Mrs. / Miss
3. With reference to your advertisement in Publisher Journal
Please acknowledge receipt
Looking forward to hearing from you soon
4. 21 March, 2018
5. Mrs. Barbara Stain
Chief manager Terra Inc.
25 Downing St. London SW1A 2AB
United Kingdom
6. Yours sincerely К
1) 5 4 1 2 3 6
2) 4 1 5 2 3 6
3) 1 4 5 2 3 6
4) 1 5 4 2 3 6
211. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Steven Bernson, Attorney at Law
(2)1556 (3) Broadway, suite 416
New York, NY, (4) 10120, USA
(5) John Krahn,
228 E 7th Street #312,
St Paul, (6 )MN 55101,
(7) United States
1. the sender
2. the street name in the return address
3. zip code
4. the addressee
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the state
1) 4 5 2 3 1 7 6
2) 1 5 2 3 4 7 6
3) 1 4 2 3 5 7 6
4) 1 5 2 7 4 3 6
212. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Jack Heitmann,
(2) 5607 Fordham Dr. NW,
Albuquerque, (3) NM (4) 87114,
United States
(5) M. Jean - Louis Lemieux
1400 Boul. De Maisonneuve, (6) app-204
Montreal, Qc, H3T 7N8, (7) Canada
1. the sender
2. the addressee’s flat number
3. zip code
4. the addressee
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the state
1) 4 5 7 3 1 2 7
2) 1 5 7 3 4 2 7
3) 1 2 7 3 4 5 7
4) 1 5 3 7 4 2 7
213. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Kate Sasko
(2) 37472 Hood St
Sandy, OR (3) 97055
United States
(4) Mme Anette Beauchemin
14 (5) Rue Dupuis
Levis, Qc, (6) G1P D3K, (7) Canada
1. the addressee
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. zip code in the mailing address
1) 1 5 3 4 2 7 6
2) 4 5 7 1 2 3 6
3) 4 2 3 1 5 7 6
4) 4 5 3 1 2 7 6
214. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr. Arnold Peterson
(2) 57a (3) Gloucester Drive
Markham, On, (4) M5V 2S1, Canada
(5) Mary Stocker,
25 (6) Peel Place,
Clay hall Avenue,
Milford, Essex, IG5 OPS,
(7) United Kingdom
1. the street name in the return address
2. zip code
3. the sender
4. the addressee
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the street name in the mailing address
1) 4 5 1 2 3 7 6
2) 3 5 7 2 4 1 6
3) 3 5 1 2 4 7 6
4) 3 2 1 5 4 7 6
215. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr. Arnold Peterson
57a Gloucester Drive
(2) Markham, On, (3) M5V 2S1, Canada
(4) Harold McClure,
(5) 271 (6) Dominica Circle,
Niceville, (7) FL 32578,
United States
1. the street name in the mailing address
2. the sender
3. the state in the mailing address
4. the city the letter comes from
5. the addressee
6. the addressee's house number
7. zip code
1) 5 4 7 2 6 1 3
2) 2 4 7 5 6 1 3
3) 2 3 7 5 6 1 4
4) 2 4 6 5 7 1 3
216. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) George Strachan,
(2) 6 (3) Pike Close, Folkestone,
Kent, (4) CT19 5UT,
United Kingdom
(5) Ms. Sylvia Smith
8800 Bathurst St., (6) App. 4
Toronto, On, M6H 3V3, (7) Canada
1. the street name in the return address
2. zip code
3. the sender
4. the addressee
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the flat number in the mailing address
1) 3 5 1 2 4 7 6
2) 4 5 1 2 3 7 6
3) 3 7 1 2 4 5 6
4) 3 2 1 5 4 7 6
217. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) George Strachan,
(2) 6 Pike Close, Folkestone,
(3) Kent, (4) CT19 5UT,
United Kingdom
(5) Mr. Edwin Chang
343 (6) Pinewood Crescent
West Vancouver, BC, V9G 3M8, (7) Canada
1. the addressee
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 4 5 2 3 1 7 6
2) 1 5 2 3 4 7 6
3) 4 5 7 3 1 2 6
4) 1 5 7 3 4 2 6
218. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Peter Warner,
(2) 8 (3) Birch Road Waterford Park,
Radstock BATH,
Somerset, (4) BA3 3TP,
United Kingdom
(5) Hilary Brewer
39 (6) Marchmont Road
Wallington, Surrey SM6 9NT
(7) United Kingdom
1. the street name in the return address
2. zip code
3. the sender
4. the addressee
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the street name in the mailing address
1) 4 5 1 2 3 7 6
2) 3 5 7 2 4 1 6
3) 3 5 1 2 4 7 6
4) 3 2 1 5 4 7 6
219. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Abacus College
Threeways House
(2) George Street
Oxford OX1 2BJ
(3) United Kingdom
4)Actilmgua Gnbh
Gloriettegasse (5)8
A-1130 Wien
(6) Austria
1. the sender
2. the country in the mailing address
3. the country the letter comes from
4. the street name in the return address
5. the addressee's house number
6. the addressee
1) 1 4 3 6 5 2
2) 16 4 3 1 5 2
3) 1 3 4 6 5 2
4) 1 4 2 6 5 3
220. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Ann Kelly
(2) 6 Hill Court Chapel
Lane Wilmslow
(3) Cheshire (4) SK9 5JH
United Kingdom
(5) Green Rooney,
40 (6) Capper Street, Telarah,
Maitland,
New South Wales 2320,
(7) Australia
1. the addressee
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 4 3 7 5 1 2 6
2) 1 2 7 3 4 5 6
3) 4 5 7 3 1 2 6
4) 4 5 6 3 1 2 7
221. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Joyce Price
44 (2) Cedar Avenue
Arcadia Bay
(3) Oregon (4) 97141
USA
(5) Tyler Durden
(6) 420 Paper St
Wilmington
DE 19886
(7) USA
1. the addressee
2. the house number in the mailing address
3. the street name in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's zip code
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 4 3 7 5 1 2 6
2) 1 3 7 5 4 2 6
3) 4 3 6 5 1 2 67
4) 4 3 7 2 1 5 6
222. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr Riley Crawford
(2) 17 East Hill
(3) COLCHESTER
CO1 2TR
United Kingdom
(4) Miss Kathleen Carpenter
181 (5) Vauxhall Road, Flat 5
LIVERPOOL
(6) L3 6BR
(7) UK
1. the addressee
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. zip code in the mailing address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 4 5 7 1 2 3 6
2) 1 5 7 4 2 3 6
3) 4 3 7 1 2 5 6
4) 1 5 6 4 2 3 7
223. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Ms Kristin Melton
21 Rosamond Street West (2) flat 3
(3) MANCHESTER
(4) M13 9RD
United Kingdom, England
(5) Mrs Adela Warren
11 (6) Witham Road Flat 4
SHEFFIELD
(7) S10 2SR
England
1. zip code in the mailing address
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's flat number
6. the addressee
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 4 5 7 3 6 2 1
2) 6 5 7 3 4 2 1
3) 4 5 7 1 6 2 3
4) 6 5 7 1 4 2 3
224. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) PLC Co Ltd Office 10
(2) 7 Westfield Terrace
(3) GLOUCESTER
(4) GL2 9AZ
United Kingdom, England
(5) University of Cambridge
The Old Schools
(6) Trinity Lane
(7) Cambridge
CB2 1TN
United Kingdom
1. the addressee
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. the city in the mailing address
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 1 5 7 3 4 2 6
2) 4 5 6 3 1 2 7
3) 4 5 7 3 1 2 6
4) 1 5 6 3 4 2 7
225. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr. Charles Wiggins
Dentsu Aegis Network
(2) 10 Triton Street
(3) LONDON
(4) NW1 3BF
England
(5) Mrs Dorothy Williamson
Management department
T&PL Corporation
Office 515 87 (6) Wollaton Street
NG1 5GF
NOTTINGHAM
(7) United Kingdom
1. the addressee
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 4 5 7 3 1 2 6
2) 1 5 7 3 4 2 6
3) 4 5 6 3 1 2 7
4) 1 5 6 3 4 2 7
226. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr. Michael Johns
Green Company Ltd
3 (2) Chapel Hill
LIVERPOOL
(3) GH7 4AA
(4) UK
(5) Mrs. Anna Smith
(6) 526 DARK SPURT
(7) Chicago
VT 76398
USA
1. the sender
2. the addressee’s house number
3. zip code
4. the addressee
5. the street name in the return address
6. the city in the mailing address
7. the country the letter comes from
1) 1 5 3 7 4 2 6
2) 4 5 3 7 1 2 6
3) 1 5 3 6 4 2 7
4) 1 5 2 7 4 3 6
227. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Sidorov A. N.
ul. Kirovskaya (2) 55–14
Vyborg
Leningradskaya oblast
(3) 348721
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
(4) MR. Thomas Anders
(5) 2445 (6) QUEENS ROAD
LIVERPOOL QTR 8VT
(7) GREAT BRITAIN
1. the sender
2. the country in the mailing address
3. the addressee 's house number
4. the addressee
5. the sender's house number
6. the street name in the mailing address
7. zip code
1) 4 5 7 1 3 6 2
2) 1 5 7 4 3 6 2
3) 1 3 7 4 5 6 2
4) 4 53 7 1 5 6 2
228. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mrs. Laura Martiros
St Peter’s Hospital
(2) 15, Bridge Road, (3) 115
LONDON
(4) SC4 5EA
(5) Peter Kamelot
119 Spring AV, (6) 25B
Liverpool, (7) NY 20009
(8) UK
1. the addressee
2. the addressee 's flat number
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the sender 's flat number
8. zip code in the mailing address
1) 4 5 7 8 1 2 3 6
2) 1 5 7 3 4 2 8 6
3) 4 5 7 3 1 2 8 6
4) 4 5 2 3 1 7 8 6
229. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr J Miller
Drayton House
University College London
30 (2) Gordon Street
Bloomsbury
LONDON
(3) WC1E 6BT
UK
(4) Mrs P Allen
Flat 3
(5) 7 Dora Street
Hurstville
(6) SYDNEY
NSZ 2222
(7) Australia
1. the sender
2. the country in the mailing address
3. the city in the mailing address
4. the addressee
5. the addressee's house number
6. the street name in the return address
7. zip code in the return address
1) 1 6 7 4 5 3 2
2) 4 6 7 1 5 3 2
3) 1 2 7 4 5 3 6
4) 4 3 7 1 5 6 2
230. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr. Arnold Peterson
(2) 57a (3) Gloucester Drive
Markham, On, (4) M5V 2S1, Canada
(5) Mary Stocke
25 (6) Peel Place
Clayhall Avenue
Ilford, Essex, IG5 OPS
(7) United Kingdom
1. the sender 's house number
2. the street name in the return address
3. the sender
4. the street name in the mailing address
5 zip code
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the addressee
1) 7 1 2 5 3 4 6
2) 3 1 4 5 7 2 6
3) 7 1 4 5 3 2 6
4) 3 1 2 5 7 4 6
231. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Peter Warner,
(2) 8 (3) Birch Road Waterford Park,
Radstock BATH,
Somerset, (4) BA3 3TP,
United Kingdom
(5) Hilary Brewer
39 (6) Marchmont Road
Wallington, Surrey SM6 9NT
(7) United Kingdom
1. the country in the mailing address
2. the sender 's house number
3. the sender
4. the addressee
5. the street name in the return address
6. the street name in the mailing address
7. zip code
1) 3 2 5 7 4 6 1
2) 4 2 5 7 3 6 1
3) 3 2 6 7 4 5 1
4) 4 2 6 7 3 5 1
232. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr Riley Crawford
(2) 17 East Hill
(3) COLCHESTER
CO1 2TR
United Kingdom
(4) Miss Kathleen Carpenter
181 (5) Vauxhall Road, Flat 5
LIVERPOOL
(6) L3 6BR
(7) UK
1. the city the letter comes from
2. the street name in the mailing address
3. the addressee
4. the sender
5. the country in the mailing address
6. the sender 's house number
7. zip code in the mailing address
1) 4 6 5 3 2 7 1
2) 4 6 1 3 2 7 5
3) 3 6 1 4 2 7 5
4) 3 2 1 4 6 7 5
233. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr. Michael Johns
Green Company Ltd
3 (2) Chapel Hill
LIVERPOOL
(3) GH7 4AA
(4) UK
(5) Mrs. Anna Smith
(6) 526 DARK SPURT
(7) Chicago
VT 76398
USA
1. the street name in the return address
2. zip code
3. the country the letter comes from
4. the addressee
5. the sender
6. the city in the mailing address
7. the addressee’s house number
1) 5 1 2 3 4 7 6
2) 4 1 2 3 5 7 6
3) 5 1 2 6 4 7 3
4) 4 1 7 3 5 2 6
234. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Steven Bernson, Attorney at Law
(2)1556 (3) Broadway, suite 416
New York, NY, (4) 10120, USA
(5) John Krahn,
228 E 7th Street #312,
St Paul, (6) MN 55101,
(7) United States
1. the addressee
2. the street name in the return address
3. zip code
4. the sender
5. the state
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the sender 's house number
1) 4 7 2 3 1 5 6
2) 1 7 2 3 4 5 6
3) 4 3 2 7 1 5 6
4) 1 3 2 7 4 5 6
235. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Kate Sasko
(2) 37472 Hood St
Sandy, OR (3) 97055
United States
(4) Mme Anette Beauchemin
14 (5) Rue Dupuis
Levis, Qc, (7) G1P D3K, (8) Canada
1. the sender 's house number
2. zip code in the mailing address
3. zip code in the return address
4. the sender
5. the addressee
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the street name in the mailing address
1) 4 1 3 5 7 2 6
2) 5 1 3 4 7 2 6
3) 4 1 2 5 7 3 6
4) 4 3 1 5 7 2 6
236. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) George Strachan,
(2) 6 Pike Close, Folkestone,
(3) Kent, (4) CT19 5UT,
United Kingdom
(5) Mr. Edwin Chang
343 (6) Pinewood Crescent
West Vancouver, BC, V9G 3M8, (7) Canada
1. the addressee
2. the city the letter comes from
3. the country in the mailing address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. zip code in the return address
7. the street name in the mailing address
1) 1 5 2 6 4 7 3
2) 4 5 3 6 1 7 2
3) 4 5 2 6 1 7 3
4) 1 5 3 6 4 7 2
237. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr. Arnold Peterson
57a Gloucester Drive
(2) Markham, On, (3) M5V 2S1, Canada
(4) Harold McClure,
(5) 271 (6) Dominica Circle,
Niceville, (7) FL 32578,
United States
1. zip code
2. the sender
3. the addressee
4. the city the letter comes from
5. the state in the mailing address
6. the addressee's house number
7. the street name in the mailing address
1) 3 4 6 2 1 7 5
2) 2 5 1 3 6 7 4
3) 3 4 1 2 6 7 5
4) 2 4 1 3 6 7 5
238. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Steven Bernson, Attorney at Law
(2)1556 (3) Broadway, suite 416
New York, NY, (4) 10120, USA
(5) John Krahn,
228 E 7th Street #312,
St Paul, (6 )MN 55101,
(7) United States
1. the sender
2. the addressee
3. zip code
4. the street name in the return address
5. the state
6. the country in the mailing address
7. the sender 's house number
) 1 7 4 3 2 5 6
2) 2 7 4 3 1 5 6
3) 1 7 4 3 2 6 5
4) 2 3 4 3 1 5 6
239. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Ann Kelly
(2) 6 Hill Court Chapel
Lane Wilmslow
(3) Cheshire (4) SK9 5JH
United Kingdom
(5) Green Rooney,
40 (6) Capper Street, Telarah,
Maitland,
New South Wales 2320,
(7) Australia
1. the addressee
2. the city the letter comes from
3. the country in the mailing address
4. the sender
5. the sender 's house number
6. zip code in the return address
7. the street name in the mailing address
1) 4 5 2 6 1 7 3
2) 1 5 2 6 4 7 3
3) 4 6 2 5 1 7 3
4) 1 5 3 6 4 7 2
240. Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает
(1) Mr Charles Wiggins
Dentsu Aegis Network
(2) 10 Triton Street
(3) LONDON
(4) NW1 3BF
England
(5) Mrs Dorothy Williamson
Management department
T&PL Corporation
Office 515 87 (6) Wollaton Street
NG1 5GF
NOTTINGHAM
(7) United Kingdom
1. the sender
2. the country in the mailing address
3. the sender 's house number
4. the addressee
5. zip code in the return address
6. the street name in the mailing address
7. the city the letter comes from
1) 1 3 2 5 4 6 7
2) 4 3 7 5 1 6 2
3) 1 3 7 5 4 6 2
4) 3 4 7 5 1 6 2
Read and translate the text. Do tasks for the text.
CARD 1
Parliament of Great Britain
1. Officially the head of the state is the monarch. The power of the monarch is not absolute but constitutional. Parliament restricts it (the power of the monarch). Parliament in Britain is the oldest Parliament in the world. The functions of Parliament are: making laws; providing money for the government through taxation; examining government policy, administration and spending; debating political questions.
2. Every year Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly, by making Acts of Parliament. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The monarch also has to give a Bill the Royal Assent, which is now just a formality. Whilst a law is still going through Parliament it is called a Bill. There are two main types of Bills - Public Bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private Bills which deal with local matters and individuals.
3. Public and Private Bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way. When a Bill is introduced in the House of Commons, it receives a formal first reading. It is then printed and read a second time, when it is debated but not amended. After the second reading the Bill is referred to a committee, either a special committee made up of certain members of the House, or to the House itself as a committee. Here it is discussed in detail and amended, if necessary. The Bill is then presented for a third reading and is debated. If the Bill is passed by the Commons it goes to the Lords, and provided it is not rejected by them, it goes through the same procedure as in the Commons. After receiving the Royal Assent, the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament. In order to be enforced, it must be published in Statute form, becoming a part of Statute Law.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. A Bill is not passed without the Monarch approval.
2. The Bill must be approved by both Houses.
3. There is a difference in passing different types of Bills through Parliament.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Every Bill goes through several stages in each House.
2. Parliament's main functions are to conduct debates, to make and change legislation (laws) and to check the work of Government.
3. The Bill is amended during the second reading in the House of Commons
3.Ответьте на вопрос:
When do Bills become laws?
1. The Bills become laws when they are given the Royal Assent.
2. The Bills become laws when they are passed through the House of Lords.
3. The Bills become laws when they are passed through the Parliament and approved by the monarch.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What types of Bills are passed through Parliament?
1
2
3
5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
After passing through the House of Commons, a Bill goes through the same stages in the House of Lords.
1
2
3
6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. There are a few stages in law making process in Great Britain.
2. The British Parliament is a legislative body.
3. Different types of Bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way.
CARD 2
American Congress
1. The legislative branch of national government consists of two houses — the Senate and the House of Representatives — each with a different role, different powers, and a different electoral procedure. The House of Representatives is the institution of the federal government.
The states are divided into congressional districts or constituencies of roughly equal size (around 520,000 people).
There are currently 435 members, who are elected every two years. All states must by law adopt the system of single-member constituencies with a simple majority vote. Vacancies arising from death, resignation, etc, are filled by by-elections.
2. The Chairman of the House of Representatives, the Speaker, is elected by the House and has important responsibilities, giving him considerable influence over the President. Moreover, should the President and Vice-President die before the end of their terms, it is the Speaker who becomes President.
The Senate is the conservative counterweight to the more populist House of Representatives.
3. Each state has two senators who, since 1913 (Seventeenth Amendment), have been chosen directly by the electorate. Senators are elected every six years, but the elections are staggered so that one-third of the Senate is elected every two years.
A vacancy caused by death or resignation is filled until the next congressional elections by the nomination of the State Governor.
There are currently 100 senators. The Senate has the special privilege of unlimited debate to safeguard the rights of minorities, but this can enable a small group of Senators to prevent the passage of a bill (filibustering).
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The Speaker becomes the head of the state in case President or Vice-President die before the end of their terms.
2. The House of Representatives is elected by voting by secret ballot.
3. A group from three to five senators represent their state in the Senate.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The House of Representatives and the Senate have the same powers.
2. The Speaker’s rights and powers are limited by the Senate.
3. The executive branch of American government consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
How often do the Parliamentary elections to the House of Representatives take place in the USA?
1. Parliamentary elections to the House of Representatives in the USA take place every year.
2. Parliamentary elections to the House of Representatives in the USA take place every 2 years.
3. Parliamentary elections to the House of Representatives in the USA take place every 6 years.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
How often do the elections to the Senate take place in the USA?
1
2
3
5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
1 The United States Congress is bicameral, comprising a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate.
1
2
3
6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times.
2. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
3. Each house of Congress has a number of standing (permanent) committees and select (special and temporary) committees.
CARD 3
Classification of law
1. There are many ways to subdivide the law. One way is to distinguish between substantive law and procedural law. Substantive law sets out the rights and duties governing people as they act in society. Substantive law also establishes rights and privileges. Procedural law establishes the rules under which the substantive rules of law are enforced.
Rules as to what cases a court can decide, how a trial is conducted, and how a judgement by a court is to be enforced are all parts of procedural law.
2. Another important distinction is between criminal and civil law. Criminal law defines breaches of duty to society at large. It is the society, through government employees called public prosecutors or district attorneys, that brings court action against violators. If you are found guilty of a crime, such as theft, you will be punished by imprisonment or a fine. When a fine is paid, the money goes to the state, not to the victim of the crime.
3. Duties owed by one person (including corporations) to another are established by civil law. Suit for the breach of a civil duty must be brought by the person wronged. Generally, the court does not seek to punish the wrong but rather to make the wronged party whole through a money award called damages.
Although generally the civil law does not aim to punish, there is an exception. If the behaviour of someone who commits a tort is outrageous, that person can be made to pay punitive damages (also called exemplary damages). Unlike a fine paid in a criminal case, punitive damages go to the injured party.
4. Sometimes, the same behaviour can violate both the civil law and the criminal law. For instance, a party whose careless driving causes the death of another may face both a criminal prosecution by the state and a civil suit for damages by the survivors of the deceased party. If both suits are successful the person would pay back society for the harm done through a fine or a sentence, and compensate the survivors through the payment of money damages.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The law can be classified in various different ways.
2. Municipal law is the law of that nation; it is domestic law that governs the subject of the state.
3. The same behaviour can’t violate different types of laws.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Criminal law deals with behavior that can be recognized as a crime against the public, society, or the state.
2. In the case of civil law, there is no punishment like criminal law, but the aggrieved party receives compensation and the dispute is resolved.
3. Substantive law deals with property, money, housing, divorce, custody of a child in the event of a divorce, etc.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the difference between Substantive law and Procedural law?
1. Substantive law is the law that determines the nature of the state and the structure of government, Procedural law is the body of law that gives permission for the creation of public regulatory agencies and includes all the laws, judicial decisions, and rules.
2. Substantive law deals with issues that affect the general public or the state – society as a whole. and Procedural law deals with the rights and obligations of individuals, families, businesses and small groups and exists to assist citizens in disputes involving private matters.
3. Substantive law establishes the rights, obligations and duties of other persons or persons with the state and Procedural law follows the means and methods through which adequate legislation is enforced.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Who brings a suit for the breach of a civil duty?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Civil law deals with behavior that causes injury to an individual or other private party, such as a corporation.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. There are different attitudes to classification of laws.
2. Laws are subdivided into criminal and civil.
3. The court does not aim to punish the offender but rather to make amends to an aggrieved
person.
CARD 4
Role of Police Force
1. The word POLICE means, generally, the arrangements made in all civilized countries to ensure that the inhabitants keep the peace and obey the law. The word also denotes the force of peace officers (or police) employed for this purpose.
The police have many functions in the legal process. Though they are mainly concerned with criminal law, they may also be used to enforce judgements made in civil courts. As well as gathering information for offences to be prosecuted in the courts, the police have wide powers to arrest, search and question people suspected of crimes and to control the actions of members of the public during public demonstrations and assemblies. In some countries, the police have judicial functions; for example, they may make a decision as to guilt in a driving offence and impose a fine, without the involvement of a court.
The mere presence of the police is a factor in deterring people from committing offence.
2. A just legal system needs an independent, honest police force. In countries where the public trusts the police force, they are more likely to report crimes, and it seems that they are also more likely to be law-abiding. Because of their wide powers it would not be difficult for corrupt police forces to falsify evidence against a suspect, to mistreat someone they have arrested, or to accept bribes in return for overlooking offences. There have been numerous cases of police violence against foreign suspects, many of who are not told of their rights in a language which they can understand. In the Birmingham Six case, British police officers obtained confessions from men suspected of bombing a pub by beating them up. In the United States, illegally obtained evidence is not valid in court, but in Britain the court decides whether it is fair to accept such evidence on a case-by-case basis. A confession obtained by force would not be allowed, but one obtained by trickery might.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста:
1. Police forces are usually organized and funded by some level of government.
2. The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.
3. Police services commonly include units for investigating crimes committed by the police themselves.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста:
1. Police collect intelligence relating to matters affecting public peace, and all kind of crimes.
2. Police are also prohibited from using torture, abuse or physical threats to extract confessions.
3. In Britain, illegally obtained evidence is permitted to use in court.
3.Ответьте на вопрос:
What powers do the police have?
1. Their lawful powers include arrest and the use of force legitimized by the state via the monopoly on violence.
2. Their powers are to facilitate orderly movement of people and vehicles, and to control and regulate traffic on roads and highways.
3. Their powers are to train, motivate and ensure welfare of police personnel
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2) содержится ответ на вопрос:
May the police impose a fine for a driving offence without the involvement of a court?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2) соответствует следующая идея:
In countries where people trust the police, the population often cooperates with law enforcement.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Law enforcement officers are commissioned to keep citizens safe 24 hours a day and seven days a week.
2. The police are expected to be the most accessible, honest, interactive and dynamic organisation of any society.
3. The attitude towards suspected foreigners is significantly different.
CARD 5
Constitutional law: types and functions of constitutions
1. Constitutions are the framework for government and may limit or define the authority and procedure of political bodies to execute new laws and regulations. Not all nation states have codified constitutions though all law-governed states have law of land consisting of various imperative and consensual rules. They may include common law, conventions, statutory law and international rules.
2. Codified constitutions are considered rulemaking fundamentals, or rules about making rules to exercise power. They govern the relationships among the judiciary, the legislature and the executive bodies. One of the key tasks of constitutions within this context is to indicate hierarchies of power. For example, in a unitary state the constitution will vest ultimate authority in the central administration and legislature, and judiciary, though there is often a delegation of authority to local or municipal bodies. When a constitution establishes a federal state it will identify several levels government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking, application and enforcement.
3. Human rights or liberties for citizens form a crucial part of a country’s constitution and govern the rights of the individual against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the United States, Ukraine and France, have a single codified constitution. A recent example is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which was intended to be included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution of Europe.
Some countries, like the United Kingdom, have no entrenched document setting out the fundamental rights – in this jurisdiction the constitution is composed of statute, case law and convention. Inspired by a famous philosopher John Locke, the fundamental constitutional principle is that the individual can do anything but that is forbidden by law, while state may do
nothing but that is which authorized by law.
4. The function of codified constitution is also to describe the procedure by which parliaments may legislate. For instance, special majorities may be required to alter the constitution. In two-chamber legislatures there may be a process laid out for second or third readings of bills before a new law can be passed.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Constitution is a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or organisation is governed.
2. All countries have codified constitutions.
3. A codified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, consisting of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. And, as a kind of deal or contract between those in power and those who are subjected to this power, a constitution defines the rights and duties of citizens, and the devices that keep those in power in check.
2. The United Kingdom has a wholly uncodified constitution which includes both written and unwritten sources, observation of precedents, customs and traditions.
3. An uncodified constitution is one that is contained in a single document, which is the single source of constitutional law in a state.
3.Ответьте на вопрос:
What is constitution?
1. Constitution is a set of fundamental a systematized legislative act that contains the norms of any branch of law.
2. Constitution is a set of fundamental legal-political rules that concern the structure and operation of the institutions of government, political principles and the rights of citizens
3. Constitution is an official document issued in a certain form by a law-making body within its competence and aimed at establishing, changing and abolishing legal norms
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What procedures can be adopted in some parliaments to pass a new law?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state, in a basic sense the relationship between the executive, legislature and the judiciary.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The content and nature of a particular constitution, as well as how it relates to the rest of the legal and political order, varies considerably between countries, and there is no universal and uncontested definition of a constitution.
2. Constitutions can declare and define the rights and duties of citizens.
3. Constitutions define the various institutions of government; prescribe their composition, powers and functions; and regulate relations between them.
CARD 6
English Law
1. English law can be divided into Statute Law, Common Law and Case Law. Statute Law consists of all laws passed by Parliament. The majority of laws are proposed and drafted by the government in power, any member of the House of Commons or House of Lords can also propose a law. An exception to this is that only a member of the House of Commons may introduce a financial Bill. The laws that are drafted by the government, as the laws proposed by individual members of the House of Commons or House of Lords must be agreed to by Parliament before they become effective. That means that they must be passed by the elected House of Commons, approved (in most cases) by the House of Lords, and confirmed by the Sovereign.
2, Common Law consists of principles and rules of conduct based on the ancient customs of the country and recognized by the Courts as Law. Common Law is unwritten, and its principles can be learnt only by intensive study of past court decisions and ancient custom. The Common Law can, however, be changed or developed by statute.
3. But more important perhaps than either the Statute Law or even the Common Law are decisions of the Courts. Just as the many ancient customs of the land make up the Common Law, the collected decisions of the Courts form English "Case Law". Once Parliament has passed a law, the courts must decide what the words of that law mean. The interpretation of the Courts remains till either a higher Court decides that this interpretation was wrong, or Parliament passes another law and changes it.
So once a Court decided against the government on a question of what a law means – and the Courts may decide that a law as worded means something quite different from what the government intended - the government must accept the decision of the Court. They may, if the Houses agree, pass another law. But that takes a great deal of time and trouble.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Secondary sources of law are textbooks and commentaries by legal writers, the opinions of legal experts, and decisions of the courts of other (foreign) jurisdictions.
2. The common law originated with the legal reforms of King Henry II in the 12th century and was called “common” because it applied equally across the whole country.
3. The common law is the law declared by judges, derived from custom and precedent.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. English law comes from Legislation (Acts of Parliament or statutes, statutory instruments, Orders in Council etc.) and Case law (decisions of the higher courts, or “courts of record”, which are binding on and must be followed and applied by less senior courts).
2. Only a member of the House of Lords may introduce a financial Bill.
3. Common law rules may be superseded or replaced by legislation, which is said to “trump” or take precedence over the common law.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the most important English law?
1. Statute Law.
2. Common Law.
3. Case Law.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What is the final arbiter in law making process in Great Britain?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
A bill can start in the House of Commons or the House of Lords and must be approved in the same form by both Houses before becoming an Act of Parliament.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Principles Common Law can be learnt only by thorough examination of past court decisions and ancient custom.
2. Great Britain has a common law legal system, which has been established by the subject matter heard in earlier cases and so is the law created by judges.
3. The issue in judicial review proceedings is not whether the decision was right or wrong, but whether it was a decision that the decision-maker was lawfully entitled to make.
CARD 7
EU Law
1. The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union.
The EU law has direct effect within the legal system of its Member States, and overrides national law in many areas, especially in terms of economic and social policy.
The European Union is not a federal government, nor is it an intergovernmental organization. It constitutes a new legal order in international law for the mutual social and economic benefit of the Member States. It is sometimes classified as supernational law.
2.The European Union law has evolved gradually over the last 56 years. When the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1951, it established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and comprised just 6 Member States.
Five years later the European Economic Community (EC) was founded by the same six Member States, and then they signed EUROATOM (European Autonomic Energy Community Treaty).
The original aim of the Community was economic integration: to create a common market, later defined as a Single Internal Market, in which there could be free trade area, where Member States’ frontiers) between themselves, and a customs union, in which all members agreed to impose on goods coming into the area from non-member states a common level of duty (the Common Customs Tariff).
Now there are around 500 million EU citizens in 27 Member States subject to the EU law, making it one of the most encompassing modern legal systems in the world.
3. The sources of the EU law are:
1) the Treaties – primary legislation (the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Lisbon Treaty), the Treaty on the European Union Maastricht Treaty;
2) secondary legislation enacted by the European Union (such as regulations and directives);
3) general principles, including fundamental human rights, and citizenship of the EU for every national of a Member State;
4) decisions of the European Court.
The EU Treaties are directly applicable in every Member State. Accession to the Community limits the power of national governments and affects national sovereignty – the power to govern. The European Union law has supremacy over, that is, overrides national law.
There are 5 types of legal acts the European Union uses:
treaties;
regulations;
directives;
decisions of the European Court;
recommendations and opinions.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The EU has many institutions, but the most important are the institutions that can make laws that affect member states and citizens.
2. EU citizens have certain right to move freely and to live within the EU.
3. Treaties are the fundamental laws of the EU, which must be ratified by member states.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The EEA is an area of free trade and free movement of peoples made up of the member states of the EU.
2. The EU was founded on a number of treaties, and its expansion and development has been underpinned by the agreement of treaties between the member states.
3. Nineteen EU member states are part of the euro area, or Eurozone, and use the euro as their national currency.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What are the sources of EU law?
1. The sources of EU law are human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law and human rights.
2. The sources of EU law are the law in the founding Treaties; protocols and annexes attached to these Treaties and acts of accession of new Member States and General principles
of EU law as well.
3. EU Law comes from two main sources: parliamentary or statutory law and Common Law, sometimes known as customary or case law.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What is the original purpose of the European Union creation?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
EU law is superior to national law.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The EU has the power to make laws in defined areas, and these laws take primacy over national law.
2. The EU law is independent, uniform in all the Member States of the Community, and separate from yet superior to national law.
3. European integration is based on the three founding Treaties: Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), Treaties of Rome and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).
CARD 8
Human Rights
1. The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which enumerated a number of what later came to be thought of as human rights. Among them were the right of the church to be free from governmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit property and be free from excessive taxes. Magna Carta established principles of due process and equality before the law and it also contained provisions forbidding bribery and official misconduct.
2. The political and religious traditions in other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and delineating limits on their power over the lives, property, and activities of their citizens. In the United States, a bloody war over slavery came close to destroying a country founded only eighty years earlier on the premise that, "all men are created equal."
3. Many specific civil rights and human rights movements managed to affect profound social changes during this time. Labor unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions, forbidding or regulating child labor, establishing a forty hour work week in the United States and many European countries, etc. The women's rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers. The modern human rights movement didn't invent any new principles. It was different from what preceded it primarily in its explicit rejection of political ideology and partisanship, and its demand that governments everywhere, regardless of ideology, adhere to certain basic principles of human rights in their treatment of their citizens. This appealed to a large group of people, many of whom were politically inactive, not interested in joining a political movement, not ideologically motivated. They were simply outraged that any government dared abuse, imprison, torture, and often kill human beings whose only crime was in believing differently from their government and saying so in public. They took to writing letters to governments and publicising the plights of these people in hopes of persuading or embarrassing abusive governments into better behaviour.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The idea of protecting the rights of human beings in law against the abuse of governmental authority had begun to receive ever wider acceptance in the 20th century.
2. Ideas of justice and human rights emerged in many ways from many places, societies, religious and secular traditions, cultures, and different means of expression, over thousands of years.
3. In the 19th and 20th centuries, a number of human rights issues came to the fore and began to be addressed at the international level, beginning with such issues as slavery, serfdom, brutal working conditions and child labour.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1.The Magna Carta provided the foundation for individual rights in Anglo-American jurisprudence.
2. In 1215, English nobles and members of the clergy made the King of England agree to abide by the law by drawing up a Great Charter of liberties (Magna Carta).
3. The Magna Carta protected mainly the rights of the privileged (nobles) and is not, therefore, about human rights as such.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What are human rights based on?
1. Human rights are based on separation of powers, checks and balances, and bicameralism.
2. Human rights are based on shared values like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and independence.
3. Human rights are based on Penal code.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What rights have been achieved by trade unions for workers?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Human rights do not depend on politics and ideology.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Human rights are to be viewed as divine, moral, or legal entitlements.
2. Human rights come from Magna Carta.
3. The human rights movements have a long history.
CARD 9
International human rights law
1. The international human rights movement was strengthened when the United Nations General Assembly adopted of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 December 1948. Drafted as 'a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations’, the Declaration for the first time in human history spell out basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that all human beings should enjoy. It has over time been widely accepted as the fundamental norms of human rights that everyone should respect and protect. The UDHR, together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, form the socalled International Bill of Human Right.
2. A series of international human rights treaties and other instruments adopted since 1945 have conferred legal form on inherent human rights and developed the body of international human rights. Other instruments have been adopted at the regional level reflecting the particular human rights concerns of the region and providing for specific mechanisms of protection. Most States have also adopted constitutions and other laws which formally protect basic human rights.
While international treaties and customary law form the backbone of international human rights law other instruments such as declarations, guidelines and principles adopted at the international level contribute to its understanding, implementation and development. Respect for human rights requires the establishment of the rule of law at the national and international levels.
3. International human rights law lays down obligations which States are bound to respect By becoming parties to international treaties, States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfil human rights. The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human right. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfil means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. In early religious and secular writings, there are many examples of what we now know as international law.
2. The Geneva Conventions were especially designed for the protection of individuals in times of war or armed conflict.
3. When a State becomes a party to an international human rights treaty, it assumes obligations and duties under international law to respect and protect human rights and to refrain from certain acts.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. International human rights law primarily consists of treaties and customary international law.
2. There are a number of international instruments establishing and defining basic standards for the treatment of refugees and stateless persons.
3. Human rights are universal and do not depend on race, religion, gender or country of residence.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
Why is the Universal Declaration of Human rights important?
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights puts an end to the second World War.
2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a historic document which outlined the rights and freedoms everyone is entitled to.
3. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights describes the main duties of peoples.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What are three of the most important international instruments pertaining to human rights collectively known as the International Bill of Human Rights?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
International human rights law refers to the body of international law designed to promote and protect human rights at the international, regional and domestic levels.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. As the cornerstone of the international human rights movement, the UDHR was drafted as ‘a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations.’
2. International human rights law seeks to guarantee human rights to all human beings without discrimination.
3. International human rights treaties usually provide for a monitoring system to scrutinize compliance and assist states parties in the implementation of their obligations.
CARD 10
The Concept and History of Constitution
1. The idea of a constitution was first elaborated by Aristotle in his classification of governments as monarchies, tyrannies, aristocracies, oligarchies, democracies, and so on. For Aristotle, the best form of government – the best constitution – was that which combined elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy in such a way that the citizens of every class were enabled to enjoy their respective privileges and encouraged to exercise their respective responsibilities in the interest of the whole society.
2. A constitution, to be worthy of the name, must contain provisions for certain political attributes: stability, both of form and of procedure; yet, on the other hand, adaptability to the social, economic, technological, and other changes that are inevitable in the life of a state; accountability of those in power to some other organ of the state, such as an electorate; representation of the governed within the government; openness in the conduct of government; and division of power among distinct branches of government. Constitutional government is thus limited government, and it is a chief function of a constitution to serve as the standard of legitimacy by which governments may be judged.
3. In its wider sense, the term “constitution” means the whole scheme whereby a country is governed; and this includes much else besides law. The constitutional lawyer must constantly keep glancing backward into constitutional history; he must also keep his eye on current political practice and the day-to-day working of political institutions. In its narrower sense, “constitution” means the leading legal rules, usually collected into some document that comes to be almost venerated as “The Constitution.” But no country’s constitution can ever be compressed within the compass of one document, and even where the attempt has been made, it is necessary to consider the extralegal rules, customs, and conventions that grow up around the formal document.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. This article deals with the theories and classical conceptions of constitutions as well as the features and practice of constitutional government throughout the world.
2. Aristotle regarded the mixed constitution as the best arrangement of offices in the polis, which would contain monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic elements.
3. States that have a written constitution may also have a body of traditional or customary practices that may or may not be considered to be of constitutional standing.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The general idea of a constitution and of constitutionalism originated with the ancient Greeks and especially in the systematic, theoretical, normative, and descriptive writings of Aristotle.
2. Constitution, the body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state.
3. Virtually every state claims to have a constitution, but not every government conducts itself in a consistently constitutional manner.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What does the term “constitution” mean?
1. Constitution is an official document issued in a certain form by a law-making body within its competence and aimed at establishing, changing and abolishing legal norms
2. Constitution is a set of fundamental a systematized legislative act that contains the norms of any branch of law.
3. Constitution is the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
To whom should those in power be accountable?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Constitutional government requires a division of power among several organs of the body politic.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Constitution is the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, corporation, or the like, is governed.
2. Aristotle thought that citizens, after learning to obey, were to be given opportunities to participate in ruling.
3. The term “constitution” has two meanings.
CARD 11
Training Lawyers in the UK
1. In England and Wales there are two distinct branches under the legal system, that of solicitors and barristers.
Both solicitors and barristers must complete two clear stages of training, the academic and vocational stages. The academic stage is usually accomplished by obtaining a law degree, although graduates with degrees other than law can still enter the professions by taking the Graduate Diploma in Law which will take a further year of study. A qualifying law degree in the England and Wales (LLB) consists of seven modules drawn from the following subject areas: Public law (constitutional/administrative), European Union law, Procedural Law (including law of evidence), Criminal law, Law of Obligations (contract, restitution, and tort), Property law (real property), Trusts and Equity.
2.Once you have completed the academic stage, you must complete the second stage of vocational training.
For solicitors, the Law Society requires to take a Legal Practice Course. This is followed by obtaining a Training Contract from a firm of a further two years of training before you are finally admitted as a solicitor to the Law society.
3. Barristers are required to take the Bar Vocational Course, designed by the General Council of the Bar to provide students of the bar with the practical skills involved in court work. On successful completion of the Bar Exams the student can then be called to the Bar by their Inn of Court. All prospective barristers are required to join one of the four Inns of Court, the tradition
involves paying a membership fee and attending a required amount of sessions at their Inn. Before a barrister can actually practice on their own, they must complete their 12 months 'pupillage' where they work with an experienced barrister to learn the practices that constitute a barrister's work.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The reasons for division of English legal profession into solicitors and barristers are mainly historical, rather than the result of a conscious effort to divide the profession into two distinct parts.
2. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college.
3. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. You can’t practice as a barrister until completing the final stage—the pupillage.
2. Approximately 10% of practicing barristers are Queen’s Counsel (or QCs). The rank of Queen’s Counsel has, traditionally, been a mark of distinction and seniority.
3. Solicitors are often the first point of contact for both individuals and businesses seeking legal advice and assistance.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What legal training is necessary to become a solicitor?
1. Becoming a lawyer usually takes 7 years of full-time study after high school—4 years of undergraduate study, followed by 3 years of law school.
2. The solicitor is а person who has either completed а law degree, or, if а non-law graduate, has completed the Common Professional Examination, and undertaken а one-year Legal Practice Course followed bу two terms as а trainee solicitor.
3. The new requirements for access to the legal profession are: Bachelor's Degree in Law (4 years), Master's Degree in Access to Legal Practice, Legal Internship, State Examination for
Access to the Legal Profession and the Lawyer's Professional Title.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What is the final stage to complete before candidate can practice as a barrister?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Intending barristers must make а certain number of attendances at one of the four their Inns.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. To become a lawyer in the UK you need to study for five years to qualify as a barrister: three-year undergraduate degree: one-year Bar Professional Training Course and one-year pupillage in Chambers.
2. To become a lawyer in the UK, you need to complete a university degree and several years of training.
3. You need to complete the following training to qualify as a solicitor: three-year undergraduate degree (+ 1 year GDL conversion course if required), one-year Legal Practice Course; two-year Professional Skills Course and two-year law training contract in a law firm.
CARD 12
Sources of Law
1. Students of the law discover early that law is complex and flows from a great number of sources. Law can and does take many forms. British Law comes from two main sources: parliamentary or statutory law and Common Law, sometimes known as customary or case law.
2. English common law dates from "time immemorial". Various customs, usages and conventions have been developed throughout the history of British legal tradition. Case law arises out of disputes and may be found in the decisions of courts. This is a system in which legal decisions are based upon decisions in previous cases and on custom, rather than on detailed written law. If there is no previous similar case the court will decide by applying existing laws to a new set of facts and its decision will become a new precedent for courts to follow in the future. The essential feature then, of Common Law is, that although partly based on local and national customs it is fundamentally judge-made law developed over many centuries.
3. Laws made by Parliament constitute parliamentary or statutory law. It always prevails, there is nothing move supreme than parliamentary law. Now it is parliamentary law which is gradually seeing common law off the legal field. Statute law can be used to abolish common law rules which have outlived their usefulness, or to amend the common law to cope with the changing circumstances and values of society. Once enacted, statutes, even if obsolete, do not cease to have the force of law. A state stands as law until it is specifically repeated by Parliament. All Acts of Parliament can be repeated by subsequent Parliaments.
Statutes alone would not provide a system of law but merely a set of disjointed rules. The basis of the law remains the Common Law and if all the statutes were repeated we should still have a legal system.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста:
1. The decisions of the courts are reported in publications known as “Law reports” – they are fundamental, primary sources of UK law.
2. Parliament is the supreme legal authority in the UK and only Parliament has the authority to enact any law it wishes.
3. Proposals for new law or changes in existing law come in the form of Bills.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста:
1. A unique feature of English law is the doctrine of judicial precedents – where the reported decisions of the courts form a binding source of law for future decisions.
2. The common law is an important source of key legal principles, particularly in relation to the preservation of the rights of the individual against the state and the rule of law
3. Textbooks are one of the best starting places for researching a legal topic.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What law dominates in UK?
1. Common law.
2. Parliamentary law.
3. Case law
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What is Case law based upon?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
By deciding a disputed point of law a senior court can change or clarify the law, thereby setting a precedent which other courts are bound to follow or apply in later cases.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The main sources of cases are law reports, digests and official transcripts.
2. Statute law always prevails over common law.
3. Legislation (Acts of Parliament or statutes, statutory instruments etc.) and Case law (decisions of the higher courts, which are binding on and must be followed and applied by less senior courts) are sources of law.
CARD 13
Juries
1. A jury is a panel of independent citizens selected to assess the evidence produced by the parties involved in a dispute in court and to come to a verdict on guilt or innocence at the end of a trial. Juries are considered a fundamental part of the English legal system. Members of a jury are known as jurors.
2. Citizens of England and Wales are obliged to undertake jury service in court when asked. The Jury Central Summoning Bureau is responsible for finding juries for trials. The bureau operates on a national basis and selects names at random from the electoral register by computer, taking into account the number of prospective jurors needed for each area.
3. Jury service is unpaid, but people can claim for food and drink, travel and loss of earnings. Jury service usually lasts for ten working days, but can be longer. Jurors are obliged not to tell anybody about the trial, either before or during it, and not to post comments on social media websites. When the jury retire to the jury room to consider their verdict, they hold their discussion in private. The jury is not allowed to communicate with anyone other than the judge and an assigned court officer.
4. The court ensures that nobody violates or eavesdrops on the deliberating jury. Juries elect a foreperson, who speaks for the jury and announces the verdict in open court. Juries are not required to give reasons for the decision or to disclose any other form of information as to how they reached the conclusion - the verdict of the jury is final.
5. Juries are predominantly used in criminal cases; indeed, the Crown Court remains the only court in the English and Welsh system in which a judge regularly sits with a jury. The function of the judge is to advise the jury on the law but it is for the jury alone to decide whether an accused is guilty or innocent as charged. When juries sit in civil cases, their function is to decide on how much money should be awarded in damages.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. While it’s unusual for a prosecutor to “challenge” (deselect) a juror, some jurisdictions still allow for a defendant to “challenge” a juror based on the way they look, and sometimes their name and occupation.
2. The jurors hear the evidence, listen to the arguments of both parties and are provided with instructions on the relevant law by the judge.
3. A hung jury occurs when a jury deliberates for several hours or days, but are unable to agree on a verdict.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Jurors are forbidden from having any prior intimate knowledge of the trial, from privately communicating with anyone involved in the trial and from doing their own research.
2. Maintaining the impartiality of jurors has become problematic in the digital age.
3. There are two types of judicial proceedings in the federal courts that use juries.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
How are jurors selected?
1. Jurors selection is a process of matching organization's requirements with the skills and the qualifications of individuals.
2. Jurors are elected by the people, and candidates are listed on the ballot alongside a label designating political party affiliation.
3. Jurors are randomly selected from citizens’ names from lists of registered voters.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Who decides both issues of liability and the amount of damages in civil cases?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) соответствует следующая идея:
Jurors can count on reimbursement of travel and food costs.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Jury service is one of the most important civic duties one can perform.
2. Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service.
3. Jurors are selected from a jury pool formed for a specified period of time - usually from one day to two weeks - from lists of citizens living in the jurisdiction of the court.
CARD 14
How does someone become a lawyer?
1. In some countries in order to practice as a lawyer it is necessary to get a University degree in law. However, in others, a degree may be insufficient; professional examinations must be passed. In Britain, it is not in fact necessary to have a degree, although nowadays most people entering the profession do. The main requirement is to pass the Bar Final examination* (for barristers) or the Law Society Final examination* (for solicitor).
2. Someone with University degree in a subject other than law needs first to take a preparatory course. Someone without a degree at all may also prepare for the final examination, but this will take several years. In most countries, lawyers will tell you that the time they spent studying for their law finals was one of the worst periods of their life! This is because an enormous number of procedural rules covering a wide area of law must be memorized. In Japan, where there are relatively few lawyers, the examinations are supposed to be particularly hard: less than 5 percent of candidates pass. Even after passing the examination, though, a lawyer is not necessarily qualified. A solicitor in England, for example, must then spend two years as an articled clerk, during this time his work is closely supervised by an experienced lawyer, and he must take further courses. A barrister must spend a similar year as a pupil.
3. The rate at which the legal profession grows is terrific. In the 21st century the number of lawyers will probably outpace the rate of population growth.
Why is the career in law so popular? In the USA the average salary of experienced lawyers in private practice is more than $100,000. Lawyers' salaries are substantially greater than those of many other professionals. The glamour of legal practice strengthens the attraction of its financial rewards.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Lawyers are low-paid people in England.
2. To become a barrister in England and Wales you need to complete at least three stages or components of training.
3. The Master of Laws is a specialized degree designed for practicing lawyers or professionals who have already graduated from a JD program.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. To pursue a career as a lawyer, you must earn an advanced degree, as well as pass the
state bar exam to become licensed.
2. It’s very easy to become a lawyer in Japan.
3. If you are already a qualified practicing lawyer in your home jurisdiction then in order to qualify to work in the UK, you will have to use the Qualified Lawyers Transfer Scheme.
3.Ответьте на вопрос.
Why is the career in law so popular?
1. It’s well-paid and salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including position, education, certifications, additional skills, and the number of years a lawyer has spent in profession.
2. Most often, it is lawyers who ensure the effective work of all management structures of the state apparatus. 3. The work of a lawyer is directly related to the social sphere and implies the protection of
the rights and freedoms of people who are incompetent in the legal field.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Why are legal professions so popular?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
The last step in becoming a lawyer is passing the bar examination.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Every law school requires an individual to obtain an undergraduate degree.
2. If you want to become a lawyer there are a number of ways for you to achieve your goal, from studying a traditional law degree to embarking on an apprenticeship.
3. To become a barrister in England and Wales you need to complete at least three stages or components of training.
CARD 15
The law
1. Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions — and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the right of others. Nor could a society also have certain obligations toward one another. The Law thus establishes the rules that define a person’s rights and obligations. The Law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties. However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society’s needs and attitudes.
2. In most societies, various government bodies, especially police agencies and courts see that laws are obeyed. Because a person can be penalized for disobeying the law, most people agree that laws should be just. Justice is a moral standard that applies to all human conduct. The laws enforced by government have usually had a strong moral element, and so justice has generally been one of the law’s guiding principles. But governments can, and sometimes do, enforce laws many people believe to be unjust. If this belief becomes widespread, people may lose respect for the law and may even disobey it. But in democratic societies the law itself provides ways to amend or abolish unjust laws.
3. Law can be divided into two main branches: private law and public law. Private law deals with the rights and obligations people have in their relations with one another. Public law concerns the rights and obligations people have as members of society and as citizens. The major branches of public law are: constitutional law, criminal law, administrative law, international law.
The major branches of private law are: contract and commercial law, tort, property law, inheritance law, family law, company law.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. There are two kinds of law. One is based on justice, the other one is based on control.
2. Social control mechanisms can be adopted as laws and norms which control and define human behaviour.
3. Law is a rule of conduct developed by government or society over a certain territory.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Without laws, people will not even get the basic rights which they deserve.
2. The most important institutions for law are the judiciary, the legislature, the executive, its bureaucracy, the military and police, the legal profession and civil society.
3. The history of law is the history of our race, and the embodiment of its experience.
3.Ответьте на вопрос:
Which government bodies see that laws are obeyed?
1. Police agencies and governors.
2. Police agencies and courts.
3. Police agencies and armed forces.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Which principle has generally been one of the law’s guiding principles?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Private law is different from public law.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Law means a set of rules, regulation, principles or a precedent etc. made by competent authority to guide human conduct to protect and promote rights of the people to maintain peace in the society and to improve prosperity in the society.
2. The purposes of law is to maintain law and order to provide security internal as well as external to maintain peace in the society.
3. The law should change in accordance with needs of the society.
CARD 16
The UK police
1. There are 52 police services, or police authorities in the United Kingdom. Each police service is employed and paid by their local governments or councils. The police services are completely independent of one another, and have their own policies, but they are always ready to go to each other's help. Each force has its Criminal Investigation Department (CID).
2.The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the City of London which is the responsibility of the City of London Police.
MPS employees consist of uniformed police officers, Special Constables, civilian staff and Police Community Support Officers. The MPS was the first force to introduce these. Uniformed traffic wardens, who wear a uniform with yellow and black markings, are a distinct body from local authority civil enforcement officers. The former have greater powers that include being able to stop vehicles and redirect traffic at an incident. The heads of police forces are Chief Constables while the Metropolitan Police is headed by the Commissioner of Police. The lowest police rank in the British police is a constable.
3. In addition to the Headquarters at New Scotland Yard, there are 140 police stations in London. These range from large borough headquarters staffed around the clock every day to smaller stations which may be open to the public only during normal business hours, or on certain days of the week. The Metropolitan Police is not controlled by the local authority. It is responsible to the Home Secretary, and its chief officers are appointed by the central government.
Besides the regular police forces there are various police forces which protect the security of territories and properties of different public authorities. They include the British Transport Police, Civil Aviation Police, Manchester Dock Police and some others.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Police services in the UK are organised around two legal entities: the ‘Office of Constable’ and the police force.
2. The police services are fully independently of each other, and have their own policies.
3. As members of police forces, officers are under the “direction and control” of their chief officer.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1 Uniformed traffic policemen, who wear a uniform with yellow and black markings, are a distinct body from local authority civil enforcement officers.
2 The Mission statement of the Metropolitan Police Service is: "Working together to make London the safest major city in the world."
3. All police forces are autonomous organisations.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
Who is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London?
1. The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is responsible for it.
2. Chief Constables are in charge of the law enforcement within Greater London.
3. London Police are responsible for law enforcement within Greater London.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What are the working hours of the police stations in London?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
The staff of MPS consist of uniformed police officers, Special Constables, civilian staff and Police Community Support Officers.
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1. Each police service is employed and paid by their local governments or councils.
2. The police stations in London range from large borough headquarters staffed around the clock every day to smaller stations which may be open to the public only during normal business hours, or on certain days of the week.
3. The police services are completely independent of one another, and have their own policies, but they are always ready to go to each other's help.
CARD 17
Classification of Law
1. Law can be divided up in a number of ways. It can be divided into ‘statute law’ and ‘common law ‘, and can also be divided into ‘public law’ and ‘private law’. Under this system, public law deals with relations between individuals and the state, and private law deals with relations between individuals (meaning individual people or organisations). Another way to think about the law and what it does is to look at what sort of behaviour or relationships it deals with” (for example, criminal law or administrative law ).The process of classification is a helpful way of obtaining an overview or general view of law for the purposes of teaching or learning , but it is a somewhat artificial exercise and does not produce an absolute and infallible categorisation of the law. Factual situations that arise in real life often do not fit neatly and exactly into only a single one of these categories of law. In fact, they are far more likely to involve two or more different topics of law.
2. However, for the purposes of teaching and learning , these classifications are useful in that they break up the whole mass of law into manageable portions, and they provide some framework and structure.
3. International law is sometimes also subdivided into:
– regional law, i.e. the law operating outside the country to regulate matters within a particular region of the world, e.g. South Pacific region, Asia/Pacific region, Western Europe; and
– universal law, i.e. the law operating outside a country to regulate matters wherever they occur in the world.
4. Domestic or municipal law is the law that operates within a country. Such law is national (applying throughout the whole country) or regional (applying within a particular section of the country such as a state, province, or district). At the most immediate level of administration, such regional law is often called local law, since it is law that operates only within a certain limited area or locality within a country, such as a subdistrict, shire, municipality, city, or town.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The three sources of law are constitutional, statutory, and case law.
2. Public law can be defined as that aspect of law that deals with the relationship between the state, its citizens, and other states.
3. Written laws are those laws that have been validly enacted by the legislature of a country.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Laws are involved into every aspect of human life and it is imperative to classify law so as to follow them for the benefit of the society.
2. The classifications of law are the different categories into which all areas of law can be collated.
3 Generally, more students find Constitutional Law and Civil Procedure the most difficult because they are far more abstract than other areas of law.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What branches of law does International law fall into?
1. Substantive and Procedural Law
2. Regional law and universal law
3 Written and Unwritten Law
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Are there any cases where more than one law is applied?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Laws are involved into every aspect of human life and it is imperative to classify law so as to follow them for the benefit of the society.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Civil law in this regard can be defined as the aspect of Law that deals with the relationship between citizens and provides means for remedies if the right of a citizen is breached.
2. Private law is the law that is predominantly concerned with the rights and liabilities of individuals towards each other.
3. Law may be classified in various different ways but the most important classifications are as follows: Public Law and Private Law. Criminal Law and Civil Law. Substantive Law and Procedural Law.
CARD 18
Government of the United States
1. Government of the United States is based on a written constitution. This constitution consists of a Preamble, seven Articles, and 27 Amendments. From this document, the entire federal government was created. It is a living document whose interpretation has changed over time. The amendment process is such that while not easily amended, US citizens are able to make necessary changes over time.
2. Three Branches of Government. The USA is a presidential republic. The US Constitution was adopted by Congress in 1787. The Constitution created three separate branches of government. Each branch has its own powers and areas of influence. At the same time, the Constitution created a 78 system of checks and balances that ensured no one branch would reign supreme. The three branches are:
3. Legislative Branch. This branch consists of the Congress (the Senate and the House of Representatives) which is responsible for making the federal laws. The Congress can pass the law anyway if it gets a two-thirds majority votes. The President can veto (reject) it. Congress also plays an informative role. It informs the public about different and important subjects.
4. Executive Branch. The executive power lies with the President of the United States who is given the job of executing, enforcing, and administering the laws and government. The president is to carry out the programmes of the Government, to recommend much of the legislation to the Congress.
5. Judicial Branch. The judicial power of the United States is vested in the Supreme Court – the highest judicial organ of the state and the federal courts. Their job is to interpret and apply US laws through cases brought before them. Another important power of the Supreme Court is that of Judicial Review whereby they can rule laws unconstitutional.
The Constitution is built on six basic principles: Popular Sovereignty; Limited Government; Separation of Powers; Checks and Balances; Judicial Review; Federalism.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The constitution of the USA hasn’t changed over time.
2. The federal government is composed of three distinct equal branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
3. Supreme Court is responsible for making federal laws.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The interpretation of the constitution has changed over time.
2. The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
3. The Executive branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What role does the Congress play?
1. Congress is responsible for making the federal laws and also plays an informative role.
It informs the public about different and important subjects.
2. Congress is responsible for the job of executing, enforcing, and administering the laws and government.
3. Congress is responsible for the job of interpreting and applying US laws through cases brought before them.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) содержится ответ на вопрос:
On what condition can the Congress pass the law?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) соответствует следующая идея:
Their job is to interpret and apply US laws through cases brought before them.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Each branch of the government of the USA has its own powers and areas of influence.
2. The Constitution is a living document.
3. The president is to carry out the programmes of the Government,
CARD 19
Agrarian Law
1. In the process of production and economic activity of agricultural producers have interlinked property, land, commercial, labor, organizational and administrative relations. They do not constitute an organic unity, but the specific activities in the agricultural sector necessitates their integration into one system. Thus, we can conclude that the agrarian law as a complex area to regulate agrarian relations of both traditional and special rules. The subject of agrarian law is a relationship based on private, state, municipal property and arising in the field of agriculture.
2. Agrarian law as a specialized branch of law designed to regulate the relations established between actors in the agricultural sector. The provisions of the Agricultural Law regulated range and content of these rights and responsibilities. Thus, the nature of industrial and economic and socio-economic activities, feature social conditions of existence of agricultural producers is determined by the uniqueness of the subject of agrarian law as a field of law.
Agrarian law as a system of rules governing a variety of complex social relations, which consist in the process of agricultural production.
3. This coherent system of legal rules, blocks and elements are placed in hierarchical order. Agrarian law as a systematic branch regulates a group of complex social relations and is thus a comprehensive integrated area of law. It is associated with economic, civil, administrative, labor, land and other areas of law. The term "agrarian law" covered interrelated but not identical concepts. Agrarian law should be considered as a branch of law, the legal branch of science and academic discipline. Agrarian law as one of the branches of legal science - a system of scientific knowledge, legal ideas, theoretical views, concepts and knowledge about the laws of agrarianlegal regulation of social relations that are the subject of agrarian law.
Agrarian law as an academic discipline is a system of scientific knowledge about the agrarian law - the branch of law and legislation designed to study the relevant institutions, particularly - legal.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Agrarian law is closely connected with such areas of law as labor, land, civil, administrative, etc.
2. Agrarian laws can refer to the agricultural laws relating to peasants and husbandmen, or to the general farming class of people of any society.
3. Under the Agrarian Reform Law of 1950, the property of rural landlords was confiscated and redistributed.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?7
1. At Rome agrarian legislation arose originally from annexation of land after Roman military expansion.
2. Agrarian law is on the list of compulsory subjects in law schools and law faculties.
3. Agrarian law is a complex branch of law, which is a set of norms, different in their legal nature, regulating a complex of agrarian social relations, organic in content, namely: land, labor, property, organizational, managerial, etc.;
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the subject of agrarian law?
1. The subject of land law is the norm of which regulate the relations of many agricultural entities: farms, agricultural cooperatives, personal peasant farms, private and state agricultural enterprises, etc.
2. The subject of agrarian law as a branch of law is public relations regarding land as the basis of life and activity on the relevant territory (land relations).
3. The subject of agrarian law is various social relations arising in the process of carrying out agricultural activities, as well as directly related to the activities of subjects of agrarian law.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What kind of relationship do agricultural producers have?
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Agrarian law as a specific academic discipline and legal science, in which people study agrarian legislation, agrarian legal norms and the specifics of the relevant relations.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Agrarian law is an autonomous and inseparable part of the legal code of our country.
2. Agrarian law, as a branch of legislation, is a complex system built on a huge number of laws, by-laws, and internal economic local acts.
3. Agrarian law as a legal science is a system of scientific knowledge about agrarian law as a complex branch of law, its subject matter, methods and principles of legal regulation of agricultural
CARD 20
Civil and Public Law
1. In many countries a distinction is made between private (or civil) and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.
The main categories of English civil law are:
Law of Contracts; binding agreements between people (or companies);
Law of Torts: wrongs committed by one individual against another individual's person, property or reputation;
Law of Trusts, arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person's benefit rather than his own Land Law;
Probate Law: arrangements for dealing with property after the owner's death; Family Law.
2. The main categories of public law are:
Criminal Law: wrongs which, even when committed against an individual, are considered to harm the well-being of society in general;
Constitutional Law: regulation of how the law operates and of the relation between private citizen and government;
International Law: regulation of relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.
3. In codified systems there are codes that correspond to these categories, for example, France's Code Civil and Code Penal. Justinian's Roman codes covered such areas of law as contracts, property, inheritance, torts, the family, unjust enrichment, the law of persons, and legal remedies, but said little about criminal law. Consequently, most Continental criminal codes are entirely modern inventions.
4. Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. Although some systems, including the English, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions, on the other hand, are usually started by the individuals.
In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases, the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action, the other party is known as the defendant.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста:
1. Civil law doesn’t deal with disputes among citizens within a country.
2. Public law is a set of rules that govern the relationships between private individuals or private organisations and public bodies.
3. Simply the main difference between public law and private law is whether the act or acts affect society as a whole or an issue between two or more people.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста:
1. Latin Concept of Right in rem and Right in personam are the key to understanding the outlining difference between Civil Law, Criminal Law, Private Law and Public Law.
2. The criminal law is designed to protect the community generally but civil law allows redress to be made to those individuals that are directly harmed by a person's actions.
3.Civil law is a law related to civilians’ day to day life, contract, property etc. where the damage is remedy and punishment sometimes.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What are the categories of public law?
1. Law of Contracts, Law of Torts
2. Probate Law, Family Law
3. Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, International Law
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3,4) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What areas of law did Justinian’s Roman codes cover?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3,4) соответствует следующая идея:
In some countries a private citizen can start a criminal prosecution against another citizen.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Laws can be divided into public law and private law.
2. Most Continental criminal codes are entirely modern inventions.
3. Civil actions are usually started by the individuals.
CARD 21
Continental Systems
1. Continental systems are known as codified or Civil Law legal systems. They have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of codes to govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life. Thus it was necessary for the legislators to speculate quite comprehensively about human behaviour rather than simply looking at previous cases. In codifying their legal systems, many countries have looked to the examples of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, whose legislators wanted to break with previous case law, which had often produced corrupt and biased judgements, and to apply new egalitarian social theories to the law.
2.The lawmakers of new nations sometimes wanted to show that the legal rights of their citizens originated in the state, not in local customs, and thus it was the state that was to make law, not the courts. In order to separate the roles of the legislature and judiciary, it was necessary to make laws that were clear and comprehensive. The lawmakers were often influenced by the model of the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, but the most important models were the codes produced in the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian. His aim had been to eliminate the confusion of centuries of inconsistent lawmaking by formulating a comprehensive system that would entirely replace existing law. Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe, including the case law traditions of Scotland, but had little impact on English law.
3. It is important not to exaggerate the differences between these two traditions of law. For one thing, many case law systems, such as California's, have areas of law that have been comprehensively codified. For another, many countries can be said to have belonged to the Roman tradition long before codifying their laws, and large uncodified areas of the law still remain.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Judiciary constituted in the Continental Legal System is from diverse fields as a person of any background can be a judge in this legal system.
2. The continental legal system places the main emphasis on a set of core principles that are codified into a single referable system serving as the primary source of law.
3. Judges in ‘Continental Legal System’ do not make laws and their judgements do not carry authority except in the dispute before the court.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Continental Legal System’ originated in Europe and was found by the scholarly efforts of the European Universities (in particular, German) in the twelfth century on the basis of the compilations of the Emperor Justinian of the Roman Empire.
2. During the Roman Emperor Justinian’s time many rules and regulations were compiled and were called ‘Code’.
3. Judges in ‘Continental Legal System’ do not make laws and their judgements do not carry authority except in the dispute before the court.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What law influenced the division of powers?
1. Common law.
2. Cannon law.
3. Civil law.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Why do many countries want apply new egalitarian social theories to the law?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Some uncodified areas of the law still remain in many European countries legislations nowadays.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The origin of ‘Continental Legal System’ can be traced to the old age Roman Empire.
2. The lawmakers of new nations attempts to systematize scattered, disparate legal provisions and local customary laws and bring them into harmony with rational principles of civil law and natural law.
3. Case law and Roman law influenced the development of Continental law.
CARD 22
Burden of proof
1. In criminal litigation, the burden of proof is always on the state. The state must prove that the defendant is guilty. The defendant is assumed to be innocent; the defendant needs to prove nothing. (There are exceptions. If the defendant wishes to claim that he/she is insane, and therefore not guilty, the defendant bears the burden of proving his/her insanity. Other exceptions include defendants who claim self-defense or duress.)
2. In criminal litigation, the state must prove that the defendant satisfied each element of the statutory definition of the crime, and the defendant's participation, «beyond a reasonable doubt». It is difficult to put a valid numerical value on the probability that a guilty person really committed the crime, but legal authorities who do assign a numerical value generally say «at least 98% or 99%» certainty of guilt.
3. In civil litigation, the burden of proof is initially on the plaintiff. However, there are a number of technical situations in which the burden shifts to the defendant. For example, when the plaintiff has made a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to refute or rebut the plaintiff's evidence.
4. In civil litigation, the plaintiff wins if the preponderance of the evidence favors the plaintiff. For example, if the jury believes that there is more than a 50% probability that the defendant was negligent in causing the plaintiff's injury, the plaintiff wins. This is a very low standard, compared to criminal law. It is too low a standard, especially considering that the defendant could be ordered to pay millions of dollars to the plaintiff(s).
A few tort claims (e.g., fraud) require that plaintiff prove his/her case at a level of «clear and convincing evidence», which is a standard higher than preponderance, but less than «beyond a reasonable doubt».
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Frequently, plaintiffs sue defendants to recover financial compensation for damages like medical bills, property damage, and loss of income.
2. The most well-known type of affirmative defense is called self-defense.
3. In a legal dispute, one party is initially presumed to be correct and gets the benefit of the doubt, while the other side bears the burden of proof.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. In a civil lawsuit, the burden of proof rests on the plaintiff or the person filing the suit.
2. The burden of proof is the obligation on a party in a dispute to provide sufficient warrant for its position.
3. In most criminal cases, the prosecutor is required to show proof that you had intent to commit a crime.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
Who has the burden of proof in civil proceedings?
1. Prosecutor
2. Plaintiff
3. Defendant
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
How Does Burden of Proof Work in Criminal Cases?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
The defendant in a criminal case is treated as innocent until the prosecution establishes their guilt.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Almost always, the burden of proof rests on the prosecution, and the defendant need not prove innocence.
2. The requirement that the plaintiff show by a "preponderance of evidence" or "weight of evidence" that all the facts necessary to win a judgment are presented and are probably true
3. The burden of proof determines which party is responsible for putting forth evidence and the level of evidence they must provide in order to prevail on their claim.
CARD 23
Sources of Law in the USA
1. The unique characteristic of American law is that a very substantial part of it is not to be found in statutes enacted by legislatures but rather in cases decided by the courts. In the USA statutes must be in keeping with the constitutions — federal and state — and the courts can overrule a statute that is found to violate constitution provisions. Statutes and constitutions are classified as "written law". Also include under this heading are treaties that by the federal constitution are also a part of the law of the land.
2.Case law, as opposed to written law, is not set forth formally but is derived from an analysis of each case that uncovers what legal propositions the case stands for. It is nor proper to call this "unwritten" law because it is in fact in writing. However, it must be distinguished from statutory law in that it is not the product the legislature but is rather the product of the courts.
When a court decides a case particularly upon an appeal from a lower-court decision, the court writes an opinion setting forth among other things the reasons for its decision. From these written opinions rules of law can be deduced, and these make up the body of what is called case law or common law. The basic characteristic of the common law is that a case once decided establishes a precedent that will be followed by the courts when similar controversies are later presented.
3. A third source of law is administrative law. Federal, state, and local administrative agencies make law by promulgating rules and regulations as well as by making decisions concerning matters under their jurisdiction.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The federal court system also has trial courts and appellate courts.
2. The United States Constitution is the “ultimate” source of law, the source that all others draw from.
3. If a court decides a law doesn't agree with the state's constitution, it can declare it invalid.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The four sources of law are the United States Constitution, federal and state statutes, administrative regulations, and case law.
2. Once a court renders a decision, its decision, or “opinion” becomes precedent that must be applied in subsequent factual scenarios.
3. At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States was originally largely derived from the common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What are the main sources of law in the USA?
1. Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law and human rights.
2. The law in the founding Treaties; protocols and annexes attached to these Treaties and acts of accession of new Member States and General principles of EU law as well.
3. U.S. Constitution, Treaties, statutes enacted by Congress, administrative law, judicial law.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What forms the basis of case law?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Administrative regulations are rules issued by state or federal administrative agencies.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Federal and state legislation, also known as statutory law, is the second important source of law in our legal system.
2. Each country’s legal system has its own sources of law.
3. Laws are the rules of conduct established to maintain stability and justice in a community.
CARD 24
Types of legal professions. Who is who in the law?
1. If you are prosecuted for a crime in Britain, you may meet the following people during your process through the courts:
Magistrates. Magistrates are unpaid judges, usually chosen from well-respected people in the local community. They are guided on points of law by an official, the clerk. There are magistrates’ courts in most towns.
2. Solicitors. After the accused person has been arrested, the first person he or she needs to see is a solicitor. Solicitors are qualified lawyers who advise the accused and help prepare the defence case. The solicitor may represent the accused in court. A person who is too poor to afford a solicitor will usually get Legal Aid — financial help from the state.
Barristers. In more serious cases it is usual for the solicitor to hire a barrister to defend the accused. The barrister is trained in the law and in the skills required to argue a case in court. The barrister for the defence will be confronted by his or her opposite number, the prosecuting barrister who represents the state.
3. Jurors. A jury consists of twelve men and women from the local community. They sit in the Crown Court, with a judge, and listen to witnesses for the defence and prosecution before deciding whether the accused is guilty or innocent. In Britain the person is innocent unless found guilty: the prosecution has the burden of establishing guilt.
Judges. Judges are trained lawyers, nearly always ex—barristers, who sit in the Crown Court (and appeal courts). The judge rules on points of law, and makes sure that the trial is conducted properly. He or she does not decide on the guilt or innocence of the accused — that is the jury’s job. However, if the jury find the accused guilty, then the judge will pass sentence.
Coroners. Coroners have medical or legal training (or both) and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths.
Clerks of the court. Clerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Highly authoritative people of their locality are usually chosen as Magistrates.
2. Magistrates are qualified lawyers who advise the accused and help prepare the defence case.
3. After the arrest the accused person needs to see a juror.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The solicitor never appears for the accused in court.
2. There are about 700 magistrates’ courts in British cities.
3. A barrister can be hired by a solicitor to defend an accused.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
How can poor people hire a solicitor?
1. They don’t hire a solicitor.
2. They will usually get Legal Aid - financial help from the state.
3. The solicitor works for free.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Who decides on the guilt or innocence of the accused?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
They deal with violent or unnatural deaths.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Prosecution for the crime is exercised by lots of different legal specialists.
2. Jurors sit in the Crown Court, with a judge, and listen to witnesses for the defence and prosecution before deciding whether the accused is guilty or innocent.
3. The judge rules on points of law, and makes sure that the trial is conducted properly.
CARD 25
Criminal Law
1. Criminal law is categorized as a part of public law - the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state.
2. In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards, for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as - common law crimes", are still described mostly in case law. Even where there is a precise statute, the case law interpreting the statute may be very important since the circumstances of each crime may be very different.
3. For example, the crime of theft is defined in England under the 1968 Theft act as: "dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it".
There are further definitions of each element of the definition, such as appropriating, which may mean taking away, destroying, treating as your own, and selling. The same Act also defines in detail crimes such as burglary (entering someone’s land without permission intending to steal or commit an act of violence) and robbery (using force or threats in order to steal from someone).
Although the Theft Act was intended to cover many possible circumstances, it is still often necessary for the courts to refer to case law in order to apply the Act to a new case.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. A crime is an act that is morally wrong.
2. Criminal law is categorized as a part of public law
3. The purpose of criminal sanctions was to make the offender give retribution for harm done and expiate his moral guilt
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The suspect himself need not prove anything.
2. Crimes can be generally separated into four categories: felonies, misdemeanors, inchoate offenses, and strict liability offenses.
3. In a criminal prosecution, the government has the burden of proof to establish every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What category does the criminal law belong to?
1. It is a part of a public law.
2. It belongs to the private law.
3. It belongs to the probate law.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
In what way must the state prove the guilt of the accused?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
The crime of “theft” can be interpreted in many ways.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state.
2. A person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it.
3. There are different ways of proving crimes in different systems.
CARD 26
Judiciary
1. Criminal Proceedings There are two courts of trial and two courts of appeal for criminal proceedings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The courts of trial are the Magistrates’ Court and the Crown Court, and the courts of appeal are the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords. The Magistrates’ Court The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the Magistrates’ Court. The Magistrates’ Court is the lower court of trial. It deals with summary offences. More serious criminal cases (indictable offences) then go to the Crown Court. Civil cases are dealt with in County courts. Magistrates’ Courts have limited powers of penalty but may commit a convicted offender to the Crown Court if it is considered that the powers of the Magistrates’ Court are insufficient. Approximately 95% of all prosecutions are dealt with in the Magistrates’ Courts.
2. Juvenile Courts are composed of specially trained magistrates. They try most charges against children and young persons under the age of 18 years. The Crown Court. The Crown Court is the senior court of trial for criminal offences. The courts are established at various centres throughout the country. The courts are presided over by either a High Court Judge, Circuit Judge or Recorder who sits with a jury. The Crown Court for the City of London is the Central Criminal Court, also known as the Old Bailey. The Crown Court may also hear appeals against conviction and/or sentence for some offences dealt with at the Magistrates’ Court.
The Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from criminal cases heard in the Crown Courts.
The House of Lords. The House of Lords is the most senior and final court of appeal.
3. Civil Proceedings. Civil proceedings consist of litigation about property, family matters and actions to obtain financial redress for damage to property and personal injury. The courts of trial for such cases are County Courts and High Court.
County Courts are local courts and are presided over by a single Judge. The High Court of Justice is situated in London. Some cases before the High Court of Justice may be heard before a jury.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The next higher courts are the House of Lords, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights.
2. There are two types of challenges: a challenge for cause and a peremptory challenge.
3. Lower courts hear most civil cases (divorce or bankruptcy) and «minor» crimes – offences.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The Crown Court can be considered as higher appellate court which deal with appeals.
2. In Britain there are about 700 magistrates’ courts and about 30,000 magistrates.
3. The legal system also includes juvenile courts, which deal with offenders under 18.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
Which courts deal with civil cases?
1. The Magistrates’ Courts
2. County Courts.
3. The Crown Courts.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What is the highest court in Britain?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
The decisions of the House of Lords on both criminal and civil matters bind all other. courts.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The Supreme Court is the most senior court in the UK.
2. The structure of the court system in Britain is many-layered.
3. The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets, defends, and applies the law in the name of the state.
CARD 27
Characteristics of Constitutions
1. Every state has a constitution, since every state functions on the basis of certain rules and principles. It has often been asserted that the United States has a written constitution but that the constitution of Great Britain is unwritten. This is true, but only in the sense that in the United States there is a formal document called the Constitution, whereas there is no such document in Great Britain. In fact, however, many parts of the British Constitution exist in written form, whereas important aspects of the American Constitution are wholly unwritten.
2. Written constitutions can concern themselves exclusively or prevalently with the organization of government or deal extensively with the rights of people and with the goals of governmental action. Written constitutions are said to be “normative” when their binding principles are more or less all observed in the actual operations of the political system. This applies to the Constitutions of the United States, Canada, and of some western European countries. Other constitutions are said to be “nominal,” because they are largely or in substantial parts disregarded and do not provide insight into the real functioning of the system. This is often the case with constitutions of rapidly developing countries and of countries ruled by a one-person or a one-party dictatorship.
3. Constitutions, written or unwritten, must be distinguished according to whether they are “rigid” or “flexible.” Rigid are those constitutions at least some part of which cannot be modified in ordinary legislative way. Flexible are those whose rules can all be modified through the simple procedure by which statutes are enacted. The United States has a rigid constitution, because proposals to amend the constitutional document adopted in 1788 can only be added through a complex procedure of majority vote in each house of Congress. Great Britain has a flexible constitution because all of its constitutional institutions and rules can be modified by an act of Parliament.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Only under rigid constitutions is it possible to establish institutional controls to ensure the conformity of legislation with the principles considered indispensable for the well-being of the community.
2. It’s a very complicated process to make amendments to American constitution.
3. With the constitution citizens are afforded the opportunity of knowing their duties and obligations to the state and its institutions.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Written constitutions are always supplemented by statutes, judicial doctrines interpreting the constitution, intergovernmental practices, and nongovernmental institutions and their practices.
2. The U.S. Constitution, at roughly 7,000 words, is a model of brevity, and many constitutions in Western countries are only slightly longer.
3. The United Kingdom’s constitution is flexible, because it can be amended by an act of Parliament.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the advantage of unwritten constitution?
1. It difficult to amend.
2. It is easier to amend.
3. It is difficult to understand.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What is the difference between “rigid” and “flexible constitutions?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея
It’s necessary to differentiate written or unwritten constitutions.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The text deals with different characteristics of constitutions.
2. The United States, Canada, and of some western European countries have written constitutions.
3. Great Britain has a flexible unwritten constitution.
CARD 28
The Judicial Branch of the Government
1. The judicial branch of the federal government is headed by the U.S. Supreme Court, which interprets the meaning of the Constitution and of federal laws. It consists of nine justices appointed for life by the president with the consent of the Senate.
It has appellate jurisdiction for the lower federal courts and from state courts of last resort if a federal question is involved. The court has original jurisdiction over cases involving foreign ambassadors, ministers, consuls and cases to which a state is a party.
2. Three types of cases commonly reach the Supreme Court: cases involving litigants of different states, cases involving the interpretation of federal law and cases involving the interpretation of the Constitution. The court can take official action with as few as six judges joining in deliberation, and a majority vote of the entire court is decisive; a tie vote sustains a lower-court decision. Often the minority judges write a dissenting report.
The Supreme Court has often been criticised for its decisions. In the 1930s, for example, a conservative court overturned much of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation. In the area of civil rights, it has received criticism from various groups at different times.
3. After a 1954 ruling against school segregation, Southern political leaders attacked it harshly. Later, they were joined by Northern conservatives. A number of decisions involving the pre-trial rights of prisoners also came under attack on the ground that the court had made it difficult to convict criminals.
Below the Supreme Court are the U.S. courts of appeals. Special courts handle property and contract damage suits against the United States, review customs rulings, and apply the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
Each state has at least one federal district court and at least one federal judge. District judges are appointed for life by the president with Senate consent. Appeals from district-court decisions are carried to the courts of appeals.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The federal courts hear cases arising out of the Constitution, federal laws and treaties and maritime cases; cases involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases, in which the federal government is itself a party.
2. The Supreme Court is made up of nine judges called justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
3. The main task of the Supreme Court is to decide cases that may differ from the U.S. Constitution.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The state judges are elected by the citizens rather than being appointed.
2. Most cases brought before the Supreme Court are appeals that have been tried in the circuit or magistrate courts.
3. The judicial branch is in charge of deciding the meaning of laws, how to apply them to real situations, and whether a law breaks the rules of the Constitution.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
Which courts hear claims of ownerships?
1. Supreme court.
2. Appeal courts.
3. Special courts.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
Where are appeals against the district court's decisions made?
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5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Supreme Court decisions were often criticized.
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6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The third branch of government is the Judicial branch.
2.The Judiciary is made up of courts -- Supreme, Circuit, the magistrate (local) and municipal (city) courts.
3. The U.S. Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States, is part of the judicial branch.
CARD 29
The US Congress
1. The Congress of the United States is the highest lawmaking body in the United States and one of the oldest national legislatures in the world. The U.S. Congress consists of two houses -the Senate and the House of Representatives. A member of the Senate is referred to as a senator, and a member of the House of Representatives is called a representative or congressman or congresswoman. The general process for making a bill into a law is described in the Constitution.
The first step in the legislative process is the introduction of a bill to the Congress.
2. There are 17 Senate committees, with 70 subcommittees, and 23 House committees, with 104 subcommittees. A bill is first considered in a subcommittee, where it may be accepted, amended, or rejected. If the members of the subcommittee agree to move a bill forward, it is reported to the full committee, where the process is repeated again. If the full committee votes to approve the bill, it is reported to the House or the Senate. When the bill comes up for consideration, the House has a very structured debate process. Each member who wishes to speak has only a few minutes, and the number and kind of amendments are usually limited. In the Senate, debate on most bills is unlimited - Senators may speak to issues other than the bill under consideration during their speeches, and any amendment can be introduced.
3. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for consideration. Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill. The bill is then sent to the President. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has several options. If the President agrees with the bill, he or she may sign it into law. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it and send it back to the Congress. The Congress may override the veto with a two-thirds vote of each chamber, at which point the bill becomes law and is printed.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The U.S. Congress consists of three houses - the Senate, the House of Representatives and the house of Commons.
2. The Legislative Branch consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, which together form the United States Congress.
3. The U.S. Congress consists of three houses - the Senate and the House of Representatives and Senate committees.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law.
2. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill.
3. If Congress is in session and the President takes no action within 10 days, the bill becomes law.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the first step before a bill becomes a law?
1. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for approval.
2. It is introduced to the Congress.
3. It is approved by the Senate.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What is the first step for making a bill into a law?
1.
2.
3.
5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Before being accepted there is a structured debate process in the House of representatives.
1.
2.
3.
6. Определите основную идею:
1. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for consideration
2. Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States for his approval and signing.
3. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it and send it back to the Congress.
CARD 30
Classification of Crimes
1. Crimes are usually classified as treason, felony, or misdemeanor. The fundamental distinction between felonies and misdemeanors rests with the penalty and the power of imprisonment. In general, a misdemeanor is an offence for which a punishment other than death or imprisonment in the state prison is prescribed by law.
2. The term "degree of crime" refers to distinctions in the culpability of an offense because of the circumstances surrounding its commission. Crimes are sometimes divided according to their nature into crimes mala in se and crimes mala prohibita; the former class comprises those acts that are thought to be immoral or wrong in themselves, or naturally evil, such as murder, rape, arson, burglary, larceny, and the like; the latter class embraces those acts that are not naturally evil but are prohibited by statute because they infringe on the rights of others (e.g., acts in restraint of trade that have been made criminal under antitrust legislation). For example, in the United States, the power to define crimes and set punishment for them rests with the legislatures of the United States, the several states, and the territories, the principal authority being that of the individual states.
3. This power in the states is restricted by the federal Constitution, e.g., in the Fourteenth Amendment and in prohibitions against acts of attainder (an act of attainder is a legislative declaration that a particular individual is guilty of a crime) and against expost facto laws (laws that retroactively declare certain actions to be criminal). State constitutions may also limit state
legislative action. The courts cannot look further into the propriety of a penal statute than to ascertain whether the legislature has the power to enact it. Administrative rules may have the force of law, and violations of such rules are punishable as public offenses, provided that the legislature has made such violations misdemeanors.
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Misdemeanor offenses are less serious than felonies but typically still punishable by up to one year in jail, a fine and other court-ordered conditions.
2. A misdemeanor is an offence for which a capital punishment is prescribed by law.
3. A misdemeanor is an offence for which no punishment is prescribed by law.
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста?
1. Crimes are sometimes divided according to their nature into material crime and crimes being wrong because the underlying actions are prohibited.
2. Crimes mala prohibita embraces those acts that are not naturally evil but are prohibited by statute because they infringe on the rights of others.
3. Crimes mala prohibita comprises those acts that are thought to be immoral or wrong in themselves, or naturally evil.
3. Ответьте на вопрос:
Who has the power to define crimes and set punishment for them in the USA?
1. Such a power rests with the legislatures of the United States, the several states, and the territories, the principal authority being that of the individual states.
2. The Court has the power to define crimes and set punishment for them.
3. Such a power rests with the jury, the several states, and the territories, the principal authority being that of the individual states.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос:
What crimes infringe on the rights of others?
1
2
3
5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
State legislative action depends on the State constitutions.
1
2
3
6. Определите основную идею текста.
1. The substantial difference between different crimes rests with the penalty and the power of imprisonment.
2. Different crimes are punished in different ways.
3. State constitutions may also limit state legislative action.